Tribune vevanhu. Mavambo uye mashandiro

Hazvina chakavanzika enyika uye zviri pamutemo ano mugadziriro dzakawanda dzeEurope hunovakirwa yekare Roman mhando. mutemo weRoma akava hwaro Romance pamutemo framework - vanonzi nepretsedentnogo kodzero chinowanika wakanaka hafu masimba ano, kusanganisira Russia. Ichi framework pamutemo riri sezvinotevera: kutanga, mitemo, ipapo muenzaniso. Kuti chiito haana kutaurwa pamutemo yechinangwa ehurumende, haisi mhosva. On wose, Ancient Rome yaiva paupenyu hwedu nyika. Tora iyoyo Latin, iri zvakasiyana chaiwo vari mitauro yakawanda Western Europe. Zvisinei, nhasi tichataura zvishoma pamusoro mamwe chakajairika kuti vawira kwatiri kubva kare ari yakati dzakachinjwa chimiro. Uye zita rake - wechuru. Ngatimbotaura zvakawanda nezvazvo.

Chii wavarwi vanhu?

Pasinei nokuti Roma wokutanga yaitongwa nemadzimambo, ipapo consuls - chaiwo diktratory, uye ipapo kuvaka uye haana rakachinjwa Imperial, mune zvematongerwo enyika reRoma rekare ndaigara muvigire chinhu hweruzhinji.

Tribune vanhu - chinhu zvokuwedzera nzvimbo pakati plebeians. Akanga mubasa kudzivirirwa uye patronage yacho vakaora mwoyo. Shoko rechiLatin, iyo wavarwi rinonzi simba rayo - sacrosancta potestas, zvinoreva "simba vakagamuchira kucheneswa kwomudzimu."

Nyaya chinzvimbo ichi anodzokera yekare kunetsana patricians - vazukuru madzimambo Rome rokutanga - uye plebeians, kuti zviri nyore .. Vagari Rome. Pakutanga, muna weSeneti zvaingova patricians, kuti plebeians vasina mukana kuti akasarudzirwa, uye chokwadi pachinzvimbo rezasi mukirasi. Zvisinei, pasinei pemitemo yairambidza, vamwe vanhu vanobva vanhuwo vaigona kupfuma kuitira kuti kudzikatidzwa (nezvaIshmaeri pfuma) vaikudzwa, nokudaro kuwedzera nawo ari revatongi yeChina. Dzimwe muRoma plebeian bongozozo rakamuka, izvo zvakazoita kwete chete kune vakawanda, asiwo nguva kwezvoupfumi kuderera nokuda panyatwa inokonzerwa panguva kumukirawo.

MuRoma makanga wavarwi vanhu?

Kuitira kudzivisa chenguva ropa kumanikidzwa plebeian Seneti vomunharaunda akamanikidzwa kumisa pambiru wavarwi vanhu, kusarudzwa "plebeians plebeians." Izvi yaiva kwakabatsira yose yezvinhu, rose Rome yekare. Wavarwi aigona kurambidza chisarudzo weSeneti, iyo, vari maonero ake, kanganisa ari plebeians, aiva nekodzero kutonga vanhu avo vanotuka kukudzwa uye chiremera zvevanhuwo zvavo, asi akanga pachako inviolability. Saka, pashure penguva hondo plebeian munharaunda kuburikidza vezvematongerwo chakadaro weSeneti, lobbied mutongo Estates mukana wokuti vanhu vanga Zvisinei, uye ipapo wavarwi vanhu haana havasisipo. Akava vaibatanidzwa munyaya vanhuwo: varombo, vanhuwo zvavo, ivo nyanzvi dzokugadzira yevarombo, zvisinei dzakavapo. Shoko rechiLatin, iyo wavarwi aizivikanwa pakati ake nemakasitoma - patronum, zvinoreva "mudziviriri." Elections chinzvimbo kuitwa mumatanho maviri: kutanga, mumwe comitia curiata akasarudza kukwikwidza dzavo, uye ipapo vamhan'ari vakasarudzwa panguva tributa comitia.

Modern munzanga sangano inonyatsoratidza tribunes

Misimboti pamusoro izvo wavarwi vanhu kushanda munguva yedu dziri yevagari masangano kodzero dzevanhu. Somuenzaniso, munyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira Russia, pane Commissioner munzvimbo iyi - Yezvichemo, ane mabasa anosanganisira kudzivirirwa uye richiona kodzero dzevanhu neHurumende. Saka anoita zvaakaita yake nguva wavarwi vanhu. Zvisinei, namasimba ano Ombudsman yekudyidzana rakaderedzwawo tichienzanisa munhu muRoma haangazvirambi kurambidza, kwete kunakidzwa kutapata uye haana kodzero pamusoro zvemitemo danho. Its bedzi basa - kudzora vehurumende uye, mune nyaya kodzero dzavo, mharuro kutongwa, kuti ndiye, vanonzi zvokutonga kutanga. By mutemo, kuti Ombudsman haasi pasi chero mapazi simba; kana zvemitemo kana Executive kana matare.

Tinovimba chawakadzidza chaizvo itsva uye anonakidza, uye mashoko aya akanga richishanda kwauri.