1609-1611: kudzivirira Smolensk. Events Russian-Polish hondo, nhoroondo Russia

The 1609-1611 Kutsigira Smolensk akava mumwe anokosha zviitiko Nguva Troubles muRussia, apo nyika dzasakadzwa nehondo zvinorwisana maari uye dzimwe kupindira.

Prerequisites nokuda kukombwa

Kurwisa vokuPoland mauto ari Smolensk aiva pechiitiko hondo wokuRussia-Polish Panguva Troubles okutanga. Kukombwa guta rinotungamirirwa Korol Sigizmund III. Key akarwisa Russia pashure dzakatevedzana adventures wePolish magnates.

Kare 1604 pamusoro munharaunda Commonwealth akaoneka munyengeri vainyepedzera kuva refu-akafa Tsarevich Dmitry (mwanakomana Ivana Groznogo). Kuti murume aiva Gregory Otrepyev - mutizi mumongi uyo akasarudza kuva mambo, sevanhu mushakabvu akakodzera mugari wenhaka chigaro. Panguva ino muMoscow, Boris Godunov mitemo. Haana muna Rurik hwedzinza. Uyezve, munguva yokutonga kwake nokuda kusakura raiva hombe nzara. Poor uye mashura ainetsa mhosva mambo zvomunyama dzavo, uye chete akamirira pakuonekwa Venhema Dmitry.

Otrepyev wechi rutsigiro vokuPoland kwamachinda, kusanganisira mhuri Mnishek. Vairemekedzwa vakamupa mari, uye vakawanda nevarwi anoedzesera akaita Cossacks kubva vokuPoland Russian muganhu nzvimbo. Muna 1605, Inhema Dmitry, kubudikidza kufara sezvineiwo, akakwanisa kubvuta simba muMoscow.

Akaita boka racho ake Poles uye akavapa nzvimbo anokosha ari mamiriro. Zvakasiyana kufanana yekare Moscow vepamusoro. Kumukira umo Nedzenhema Dmitry akaurayiwa uye Poles vakasungwa uye vakaiswa mutorongo. Mambo mutsva wacho akanga ari aimbova tenzi Vasiliy Shuysky.

Kuvamba-Polish Russian hondo

nguva yose iyi Korol Sigizmund vairamba vasina kwavakarerekera. Zvisinei, kusungwa vavakuru zhinji Polish akamutungamirira hasha. Panguva iyoyo kuRussia, munhu anoedzesera mutsva, uyo historiography anozivikanwa sezvo Venhema Dmitry II. Akanga yabatana Polish vairemekedzwa, akanga achangobva richisiri ane kundikana kupandukira Sigismund.

Neuto mbavha uye adventurers vakawira pasi Moscow uye mashoko kwakandionza komusoro nemamwe maguta munyika, uye saka kuerera mishonga mariri uye nezvimwe zvinhu. Muguta nenzara. Shuya akabvuma kusunungura kubva mugomba ose Poles zvose. Panguva imwe cheteyo Mambo akaita kwamambo Swedish, achivimbisa kuchamhembe muvakidzani ari munzvimbo shoma rubatsiro mu pakurwisana anoedzesera.

Sigismund aiva muvengi apika rekorona Swedish. Akatora sungano pakati vavakidzani sezvo mukuru chikonzero hondo. Polish mambo aitarisira angadai nokukurumidza kukwanisa kutora Moscow, nokuti iyoyo Russia kuti ari mumamiriro nyonganyonga akawanda. Muna 1609 Sigismund yaratidza pachena hondo Shumsky uye mauto ake vakatamira kumuganhu.

Kugadzirira kukombwa

Saka vakatanga kukomba Smolensk. guta rino riri munzira kubva muPoland kuMoscow uye aiva mukuru "nhoo" nokuda guru. By munhare akauya hondo 20000th Polish. Panguva ino mune Smolensk aiva duku 5000th ravarwi, akatungamirirwa Gavhuna Mikhail Shein.

Pausiku mushandirapamwe kanda, muna January 1609, Sigismund akanga Sejm muna Warsaw, apo kwamachinda akapa zano pasi izvo aida kupfeka Russian choushe mwanakomana wake Vladislav. Muchirimo vakatanga hurongwa vachirwisa kuti Polish mauto pamuganhu mutaundi wokuRussia oumambo. Mikhail Shein, achiziva kuti nokukurumidza ndiuye Smolensk hondo chaiyo, pre-zvakarongwa kuvakwa boka ravarwi pamusoro kweguta. Nzvimbo wakakombwa hwakaipa kana chirimo zvose migwagwa guru rakazvipira nemauto Venhema Dmitry. Somusasa yake huru yaiva Suburban Tushino, iye akatanga kudana Tushino, uye mauto ake - varume Tushino.

Kukombwa Smolensk, ivo Poles angadai kupera nokukurumidza, kana kwete nokuti akurumidze Shein. Akaunganidza ose Gunners, uta uye nevana boyar vaiva pedyo. Muna August, gavhuna ari kushingaira akatuma zvirevo pamusoro muchiuto varwi kubva Estates siyana. vanhuwo zvavo rugare vakadzidziswa kugadzirisa zvombo, saka kuti vanogona dzidzivirire yekwako.

Ravarwi gavhuna muzvikamu zviviri. vanhu zviuru zviviri vaiva mumamiriro kukombwa zviyero, wakange kusvikira pakuguma kudzivirira masvingo wakakombwa. Mamwe mauto kwaiitirwa kurwisa mumusasa muvengi. Kutyisidzirwa Garrison muzvikamu 38 akafanana zviumbu, mumwe nomumwe waiva kudzivirira imwe shongwe panharirire. Kana kurwiswa havana, chikamu wehondo rechipiri vakabatana deposition uye vakabatsira munzvimbo muvengi aigona kutora pamusoro.

Ndiko zvakabuda kudzivirira Smolensk kubva Poles. Mamiriro mumusasa kumuranga nehasha. Voevode akakwanisa vanounganidzira zvose pfuma guta. Vanhuwo zvavo vave akabatsirawo ravarwi. Vaiitawo dzose nzvimbo yakapoteredza masvingo. Basa chaiitirwa majana, achibvumira wachi kuti akuteerere kuchengeteka Paukomba guta.

The chitsuwa ndiyewo mubvunzo akasimuka pakati tenements. Yaiva chikamu cheguta, riri kunze kwemasvingo guta. Uwandu mhuri zvasvika 6000. Vose yakapiswa kuti Poles vaisagona kukura midzi ikoko. Population Posada akavanza mukati masvingo, nokuda chii akatanga muguta kurwisana pamusoro dzimba. Pakupedzisira Shein chirevo maererano iyo pfuma varidzi vakasununguka kutendera pokugara. Cash rendi rakarambidzwa. Izvi akabvumira kurwisana kuserera. Nepo umambo Russian akatambura kurwisana nevavengi siyana, Smolensk nokushingaira kugadzirira pakuzvimirira.

The pakuonekwa Poles in masvingo Smolensk

The yokutanga yakarongwa mauto Polish aswedera Smolensk September 16, 1609. Vaitungamirirwa ne mukuru Lev Sapieha. Pashure mumwe mazuva matatu mokupera varwi King Sigismund III. Pakutanga, muuto muvengi wakanga 12 zviuru vanhu, asi nokufamba kwenguva mufananidzo uyu asvika chiratidzo 22,000. Pasinei chaizvo kukura wehondo muvengi akanga matambudziko avowo. Yakanga yakagadzirirwa zvikurukuru munda hondo, saka zvakakodzera kukombwa pamusoro inifanduri uye atirari kwakanga kwava vasipo. Most kare ano vanobvuma kuti Sigismund haana kuenda kunokomba guta kwenguva refu, uye akanga achitarisira kuwana kiyi kwaari pakarepo pamusoro kusvika pasuwo. Asi zvavaitarisira ake haana kuzadziswa.

Kutanga kukombwa Smolensk aizivikanwa ndechokuti vokuPoland nechisimba kunge imwe nzvimbo mativi makiromita anenge makumi maviri guta. A vanhuwo zvavo vashomanana, uyo panguva iyoyo akanga achiri kugara nechokunze Smolensk, vakanga kunyimwa zvose zvokudya - Ivo kungorega achitorwa zvokudya wehondo yamambo. Uyezve, vanhu vomumusha aifanira kupa zvigadzirwa mune ramangwana. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti vakawanda vomunzvimbo nyore vakatizira musango, asi havana pamwe muvengi. Apo mauto Polish pakupedzisira akaiswa kuna Smolensk gavhuna akaenda nhume kuda kupa kweguta. Zviri Smolyan Achipindura anosiyana. Maererano neimwe shanduro, iyo rakakombwa vagari haana kupindura chinhu, pane dzimwe - makavimbisa inotevera nguva kunwa mvura kubva Dnieper Poles (kureva unonyura).

yokutanga kurwisa

Akazosvika kweanenge makore matatu (1609-1611) kudzivirira Smolensk. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Poles regai kunyange vakaita urongwa kukombwa uye haana pakutanga vakakwira zvakakodzera atirari. chirwere ichi kwave chokuita maturo zvinotarisirwa Sigismund nokukurumidza Kuregwa muguta. Paakanga chikatsiviwa rwevanhu uye Hetman Stanislav Zholkevsky, ipapo nomwoyo ndakaudza mambo kuti mauto haana mari kuitisa ibudirire pfupi kurwisa. Naizvozvo zvinganaka kusiya Smolensk ari blockade, uye zvikuru mauto kutamira Moscow. Sigismund Zvisinei, chirongwa chakadai haina kubvumirana uye akarayira kuti tigadzirire kurwisa.

mainjiniya Polish vakaedza kuchera masuwo akawanda, asi havana kubudirira, uye zvose nokuti vanotsigira muguta panguva kuisa nerogi-imba, yakazadzwa namabwe uye nenyika. kuedza izvi zvakaitwa masikati, apo hondo kunyatsotevera zviito nomuvengi. Next asingashumbi kwakaitika usiku. Matanda achiri vakakwanisa ichikanganisa pamasuo Avramievskie, asi hapana anoshanda kubatsira pasina. Mauto vasingagoni kuyambuka pakakoromoka nokuda murombo sangano pangozi uye kunopera kunoratidza kutanga kwacho, iyo kuonekwa ravarwi. Nemishonga Smolensk zvakandishamisa kuti nemhomho. Mauto akazarurwa rinorema moto, izvo mowed panhengo matanda uye Lithuanians. Chikonzero huru nezvinhu iri rizere kuvaka storming mauto. Museve Russian dzakawira muvengi anenge ose nguva. Outgunned nevanozvitsigira akavabvumira pamoto kunyange youmambo musasa waiva rebei kure yepakarepo kurwa pasuwo.

Pashure kukundikana kumabvazuva parutivi pakati Poles takasarudza kuenda tsamwisa pamusoro kuchamhembe uye vokumadokero zvikamu nhare. Kunokonzera kuteurwa kweropa rakawanda Kurwa kwakaitika pedyo Dnieper Pyatnitskikh uye magedhi apo mazana masoja kumativi ose zvakaurayiwa. Panguva iyi yakaoma Mikhail Shein sowakajeka aishandisa mazano kubudirire kuroorana uye pafoni kuchengeterwa, iro rinowanika apo hondo yakatanga kutendeuka muchifarira muvengi.

Pfuti caliber duku, izvo muridzi nharirire mumazuva okutanga, haana kukonzera chinokosha kuvadza Broad Wall Smolensk Fortress. It tinoonga nevanozvitsigira vakamboona kusabatsira zvinoitwa muvengi.

Kupindana kwenguva refu kukombwa

Yokutanga kundikana dzepabonde yakaguma September 27, 1609. Nguva Troubles haana kudzivisa nhare nevanozvitsigira zvinobudirira uye fungisisa muvengi kurwiswa. Pakutanga October kusvika precipitating mauto akanga yabatana 10 000 vanhu kubva pakati Cossacks. Chikuva itsva okukomba. Zvino Polish mainjiniya uye sappers vakaedza kuparadza masvingo muvengi, Kutenga kunyengerai. Zvinofadza kuti kunyange mambo dzohaya yokumadokero nyanzvi yokumwe (kusanganisira vokuGermany), uyo vakabudirira akatungamirira hondo yangu mukurwisana European. Practice yaratidza kuti chikamu chikuru ravo pa Smolensk akanga pasina.

Panguva iyoyowo Sigismund asina vanounganidzwa mauto kugadzirira kurwisa. Asi vanotsigira Smolensk haasi agere simbe. Ravarwi akavata rinenge pamasuwo ose, yokuderedza zvishoma nhamba panzvimbo kwavaigona kupinda muguta. Scouts rakakodzera buritsa dzose kugadzwa angu masvingo uye havana kupa Poles kukuvadza masvingo. Nokufamba kwenguva, hondo kwakaratidza kubatsirwa zvose, kuburikidza iyo muvengi aigona kuwana mukati. Pane kugara varindi dzakatangwa.

In nzira iyi, kukombwa yakapedza inoverengeka. Nguva nenguva Smolensk sangano sortie, panguva iyo kuparadza muvengi kwezvivako uye zvikaramba mvura. Pakatanga chando, akadai kubhururuka squads vakatumwa kuunganidza huni. Zvichakadai, mutungamiri Mikhail Skopin-Shuya pakupedzisira unblocked Moscow. Pashure paizvozvo, shure weuto Polish vakatanga kushingaira remagandanga hondo. It anofanira kuparadzirwa mauto uye Sigismund akapa zororo rakachengetedzwa.

Zvisinei, zvinosuwisa kuti Smolyan, chando 1609-1610 gg. It vakamira panze zvikuru utsinye. Frosts simba ravarwi uye vakamusiya pamwe anenge asina zvinhu. Muguta nenzara. Kana pedo musasa Moscow Tushino akawira, Poles vazhinji, vakanga vari Moscow, akauya pasi murayiro Zolkiewski ikawanda kumanikidza pamusoro rakakombwa Smolensk. Muchirimo guta vakaziva kufirwa Skopin-Shumsky, uyo zvose yaimirira tariro akunde interventionists. Mukomana mukuru, akafa muMoscow pashure pokunge ayo muchetura boyars.

Pasinei chakaipa ichi, wehondo yamambo asi Uchibviswa guru, kuti kudzinga vanopinda nechisimba kubva pamasvingo eguta rakakombwa. Uto ichi vakakundwa panguva Hondo Klushino June 24, 1610. The weNobel akava zvose zvakafanana Stanislav Zolkiewski izvo zvakananga akasiya musasa pedyo Smolensk, kupa hondo mutsindo hondo Russian-Swedish. Asi kunyange nhau iyi haina kunyimwa rakakombwa chido kundorwa zvisingaiti kusvikira pakuguma.

Kuti chirimo matanda pakupedzisira vakauya zvizere atirari, zvinokonzera ngozi masvingo eguta. Smolensk Kukomba mberi. June 18 pamusoro Faceted shongwe pfuti akakwanisa kupaza hombe pakakoromoka. Sigismund akarayira kutanga inotevera kurwisa. Kurwisa matatu akaitwa, asi vose, kusvikira kushamisika mambo, wakaguma kukundikana. Smolyan chaizvo akasasa Poles kubva yokuzorora. Voivod Shein achizvidzivirira akabatsira kutungamirira Peter Gorchakov.

Final voga pakati Smolensk

Zvichakadai, kubva Moscow rakasvika nhau kuti mambo Vasiliy Shuysky rakaparadzwa munguva nevapanduki boyar. New Kremlin vatongi vaiva vatsigiri mambo wePolish. Mune historiography iri pfupi hurumende inonzi Boyars Seven. In Smolensk rakasvika kuti vakande mapfumo guta Sigismund. Zvisinei, Mikhail Shein akaramba kuteerera. Vagere nhare vachibvumirana ainditsigira ake. Smoot enyika kuchinja Moscow haana zvainoita mafungiro ari rakakombwa. Pashure anenge maviri nemakore akawanda vanhu vakajaira dzakasiyana-siyana nematambudziko uye kuvenga Poles.

Sigismund akadzidza pamusoro kusateerera Shein akapa Smolensk mumazuva matatu kuzvipira guta. Zvikasadaro akapikira kuuraya zvose. Zvichakadaro Smolensk aiva mugero kuti nzvimbo matanda uye vasanyanya dzavo atirari. Somugumisiro, Sigismund aifanira kukumbira pfuti itsva kumba yakapiwa kuna pamberi kurwa kwemimwezve mwedzi miviri. Panguva iyi, rakakombwa vagari akakwanisa kubata mweya wake. Vamwe Smolensk boyars vakakahadzika kudiwa kudzivirira nokuda kuwa Moscow. Shein akakurira anonyengera kumunetsawo. Mukuwedzera, mumatsutso zvikazikamwa pamusoro sangano iri People Wokutanga varwi, izvo chete akasimbisa tariro nevanozvitsigira ari ruponeso rwavo pachavo.

Kuwa wakakombwa

Second kukombwa yechando, kwete vakawanda vakapona. Mumakore mashoma apfuura - 1609-1611 - kudzivirira Smolensk pakupedzisira neta vagari. Achiziva izvi, Poles vakatsiva June 3 kurwisa itsva. Vakakwanisa kupaza pakakoromorwa pamadziro. Smolensk nevanozvitsigira vakadzokera shure zvakadzama muguta, uye vakarwa vanopinda nechisimba mumigwagwa. Mauto kufanorongwa munhu shingirira uuraye. Pakati pavo paiva anonyengera varwi, uyo vachikarira ropa. A guru boka vagari vemo, kusanganisira vakadzi nevana, akatora potera Cathedral pamusoro Monomakh. Temberi kazhinji kuva wokupedzisira utiziro mumaguta ukombwe nguva idzodzo. Pasi chechi yaiva gunpowder dura. Akanga icharifuridza ukryvshimisya vagari. Nokufema chinozunguzirwa akaparadza temberi, panguva iyoyo uye kuviga nechisimba zvizhinji.

The dambudziko Mihaila Sheina uye vamwe vasungwa

Saka kupera kukombwa Smolensk Poles. gavhuna Brave Mikhail Shein, uyo kwemakore maviri vakarwisa uto youmambo, rakakiiwa pachake muna imwe shongwe, uye akarwa Poles kusvikira pakupedzisira. Nehama dzaiva pedyo naye, akateterera naye kupira, kwete kuzviuraya. Iye akazovateerera mhuri yake uye vakaisa pasi maoko avo. Gavhuna kwakatungamirira Sigismund. Mambo akatsamwa yakakombwa makore maviri, izvo kwezvinoshandiswa kwete chete hondo, asi zvakakonzera zvakakomba reputational kuvadza mambo. Vakaurayiwa vanokudzwa zhinji - ruvara rwacho uye kutsigirwa choushe. Kuti Mikhail Shein ndiye aikonzera zvose nyadzi ichi. Naizvozvo, mambo akaitira musungwa zvose utsinye. Akarayira pedanda gavhuna, kuti iye wakapfuura vose nevatsigiri vake. Pamusoro aneta Shein akatorwa muPoland, apo pasi nokuninipiswa voruzhinji, tsika kuti nguva: inotungamirwa kwakaitwa kuburikidza muguta, vakatakurwa isina ngoro, etc ...

Smolensk gavhuna, uyewo dzimwe zvinokosha vavengi hurumende Polish kuRussia akanga ari musungwa kwenguva refu. Aifanira kutsungirira mumwe muedzo. Vaimbove chevaux Vasily Shumsky, ane divi vaiva Smolensk, akabatwa nokuda Poles Vasvika muMoscow. The pachigaro mambo uyewo akatumwa kubhadhara namata Sigismund. On musangano kunonyadzisa namambo akanga aripo, uye Shein.

Kana Kupindira wePolish kuRussia, yakaguma muna kukundikana, uye kuti hurumende muMoscow akasvika Mikhail Romanov, chinhu chokutanga aida kuzosunungura vasungwa vose, kusanganisira gavhuna Smolensk. Izvi zvakaitika chete muna 1619, apo hondo pakati penyika mbiri pakupedzisira pamusoro. Mikhail Shein kumusha sezvo gamba renyika. Yaiva imwe inokosha Polish nhapwa naye - Fedor Romanov. Yakanga baba vamambo, Michael, uyo akazova Patriarch kuMoscow.

Defense ukoshi

Pasinei nokuti makore 1609-1611 (Smolensk kudzivirira kwakaguma kuwa guta) zvakasuwa kuti nhoroondo Russia, kukunda wehondo Polish anganzi munhu Pyrrhic kukunda. Makore maviri nehafu umhare kurwisa vanhu vagere dzoga veguta aishanda unotikurudzira kuti vamwe vanhu vomuRussia, uyo sokuti kunge kubva hondo. Smolensk zviitiko vakaungana vakapararira mauto ari shure. Saizvozvo wokutanga, uye ipapo wechipiri uye varwi. Zviri mauto aya pakupedzisira akasunungura Moscow kubva nechisimba uye akasika preconditions nokuda accession pakati Romanovs chigaro.

Kusvika hondo Sigismund kuna Smolensk uye kunonoka-gore maviri pasi masvingo aro nemigumisiro kwoupfumi kuti Poland. Mambo aifanira kutumira vakawanda zvinhu mumusasa, chakakamurwa muguta rakakombwa, achiri akarasa inokosha chirongwa muMoscow uye dzimwe nharaunda zvinokosha. Apo Smolensk pakupedzisira vakaurawa, uto Polish akanga atorwa ropa chena uye haangazvidembi kukwanisa kugara nguva refu guru Russian. Total mambo rakakombwa akarasikirwa varwi vanenge zviuru makumi matatu vakanyatsodzidziswa. Sigismund haana kunyange kufungidzira kuti vangani Mauto ake kundoviga Smolensk Kremlin. Nhoroondo okukomba ichi chichiri kuonekwa sechinhu chinokosha kuchinja uye Nguva Troubles. Mushure kubatwa zviri Smolensk, mambo kumusha kwake.

Russian-Polish nehondo 1609-1618 gg. Ndokuguma chokwadi chokuti guta ichiri vakapfuura kusvikira Commonwealth. Asi Smolensk akanga pfupi-akararama kutongwa wokumwe. kare mwanakomana Mikhail Romanov Alexei, muna ra1654, akanga adzokera kuRussia kudenga. Muhondo kuMoscow zvaunazvo uye yakatora Left Bank Ukraine (kusanganisira Kiev), inomiririra enhoroondo reunification kumabvazuva Slavs nyika.

Smolensk kudzivirira yazova mumwe wakarebesa munyika munhau. Pane umambo Russian havana kudzivirira guta ravo kutsungirira kwakadaro. Pashure kudzoka Smolensk apo Alexei Romanov, haana vakava rutivi Poland.

MuRussia ano, hazvina wakateya National Unity Day yezororo, iro rinopembererwa gore musi November 4. Ndiwo musi achitora Moscow Kremlin varwi kubva Minin uye Pozharsky.