Ascomycete: tsananguro, zviratidzo

Ko marsupials notumwe iriko? Uyu mubvunzo zvinodiwa nevamwe wechikoro ose nechido kudzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu kosi. notumwe izvi vemuumambo, izvo zvinosanganisira vamiririri kubva kutsemura vegetative muviri. Vane chaiyo pabonde okunze - muhomwe. Vanosanganisira ascospores masere. Dzimwe notumwe izvi kukwana, nokuti nedanho upenyu vasava rokubereka kugona. Vane asexual kubereka.

zvinyama ava howa aya anenge kumbobvira kuumbwa. Kusara vari vashoma parasitic zvinenge chete. Sechivako neimwe nhengo yekirasi ichi zvinosanganisira chitin (kubvira 20 kusvika 25 muzana) uye glucan.

Kurarama marsupials howa (vamiririri zvichabviswa akanyorwa pazasi) pamusoro zvasara nemhuka.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti marudzi akawanda chakuvhuvhu (tsvuku, mashava, ndachena rwegirini) ndezvaJehovha Ascomycetes. Nemhaka orenji-blue chakuvhe zvoupenyu genetics yabudirira vabudirira zhinji. Ascomycetes anoparadzirwa munyika yose.

Ascomycetes kirasi zvinosanganisira anenge 2 zviuru genera uye 30.000 marudzi. The inozivikanwa vamiririri ndivo mbiriso, chili, morel, Parmelee, mutsetse.

Morphology

Vegetative muviri ine partitions akawanda, izvo kuiparadzanisa. Pamusana kwaari, howa anogona kurasikirwa zvishoma cellular zvinhu kubva dzidzo filamentous. Kana isu neiko Ascomycetes uye zygomycota, zvinokosha kuziva kuti tanga ngaararame zvakakwana.

Ascomycete akarongwa zvokuti muviri wayo anogona kuti vakatsinhanisa pakati spores cytoplasm, nuclei, organelles. Muchitokisi chimwe nechimwe pane kazhinji chete haploid STRUCTURAL chingaita kuti zvitoro uye anotamisa majini ruzivo (DNA).

General ruzivo pamusoro kubereka uye kukura

Marsupials howa vane nzira mbiri kubereka:

• anamorph (asexual nzira);
• teleomorph (pabonde maumbirwo vane).

In zvipenyu, azvaiitwa vaviri vanonzi holomorphs. Havadi kuita mumwe. Uyewo kuti anamorphs muviri kungaita mu teleomorph. Ndokusaka akaberekerwa ascomycetes rudzi asi munzira dzakasiyana masayendisiti vanotorwa sevanhu nomumwe vamiririri. Nemhaka samolecular tsvakurudzo sayenzi anopa nyore kunzwisisa sei mumwe chakuvhe marsupial rakaumbwa nevanhu kwacho.

Anamorph (asexual nzira)

anamorphs muitiro rinoitwa kuburikidza conidia. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti ichangobva Morphology iwayo siyana. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anogona kunge unicellular kana zvipuka zvine masero akawanda. Transverse partitions vane risina parinogumira nhamba. Conidia kazhinji woita zvitarisiko.

Kazhinji, asi aqueous marsupial chakuvhe yakawedzera kunzwisisa maumbirwo zvinhu. Vamiririri kwakadaro zvinowanikwa pamusoro nemashizha emiti, izvo kare mumvura.

Teleomorph (pabonde kubereka) panzvimbo dzapasi siyana

Kirasi uku notumwe anogona bereka achishandisa pabonde zvivako, asi pasina paumbwe gametes. Kuti tiite muitiro uyu pamusoro hyphae kuumbwa vechirume zvomukati. Zvinoita marsupials notumwe zvakafanana rondedzero matope - vari zvakare zvishoma dzakachinjwa oogonia.

Kana tikafunga rezasi zviperengo teleomorph kwakafanana zigogamiey. Izvi nokuti aumba gametangia kuva akafanana chimiro, uye pashure muitiro kuabatanidza Fusion zvenyukireya kunoitika. Asi Howa izvi pakupedzisira chiito anokanganisa dzose STRUCTURAL okunze, saka vakawanda karyogamy zvinoitika. Pashure paizvozvo, vakuru meiosis, vakazochinja unopinda zygote bhegi.

Teleomorph (pabonde kubereka) iri yepamusoro siyana

Kufunga muitiro wokuberekana iri yepamusoro siyana, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti akaita zvishoma kuoma kupfuura rezasi. Arhikarp pabutiro askogon. Uyezve, zviri kusiyaniswa. Pamusoro paro "anouya" dziri sepombi. Antheridium unicellular chinhu ichocho iro rine cylindrical chimiro. Mushure kwemapazi, musimboti cytoplasm regai wekuita asi converging. Dikaryons akaumba. nuclei dzavo, akavapindurawo, muzvikamu. Panguva kubereka ascomycete nezvimiro asci, pashure iyo pane convergence pamusoro haploid nuclei. Pasina simbe nguva vaiita meiosis. The akaumba cores vakakamurwa metoticheski. Zvinoguma masere STRUCTURAL okunze.

Kubereka: Akaafungisisa

Zvichienderana nhengo mamwe kubereka mukirasi ichi muzvinhu zvakawanda zvinogona nyore. Somuenzaniso, antheridia haagoni kuumbwa - vari kutsiviwa vegetative muviri kana conidia. mhepo Rwako, mvura kana kuburikidza zvipembenene spermatsii kune trichogins zvino batanidza kuti cytoplasm nemasero. Hyphae uye zvikwama vari akaumba kwete randomly chete asiwo pamiviri yavo, zviri zvakasimba kurukana mapazi STRUCTURAL.

miviri Fruiting vari rakakamurwa nezvemarudzi zvina:

• Apothecia. Howa zvemo marsupial uyu mhando vane bhegi hombe. Vanogona kuumbwa parafizy.
• Perithecia. Bags pamusoro notumwe awa akavanzwa zvachose kana pamwe. Dzavo chimiro ndimwe.
• Cleistothecia. Fruit muviri notumwe ane namahwindo chimiro.
• Pseudothecia. muviri ichi chinofanira chete kune imwe mhando notumwe. The dzepabonde mutoo vakaita pashure inotungamirwa gametangium. Perithecia riri hyphae, vanonzi stroma.

Zvaunoreva vanhu uye nyika

The kutenderera upenyu ascomycetes anobatsira kuti pano bhora pasi pose. Nokuti kuti kuputsa matavi akafa, miti, mashizha, kukasawedzerwa kugoverwa kabhoni uye senitrogen Panyika. Nokuti mhuka (semuenzaniso, nemakonzo, invertebrates, etc.). Ascomycetes zvokudya. Mugore hwemvura hwaiitwa notumwe kunyanya guru.

Chikuru achiumbwa kubva lichen ascomycetes. Vanosanganisira zvinenge izvi - anopfuura 95%. Mycorrhizae zvakare kuumbwa ravo rubatsiro. Mamwe masvosve uye mujuru vari "akura" mune nhengo imwe mhando notumwe.

Kazhinji kuwanikwa pakati ascomycetes parasitic vamiririri, izvo achiumbwa miti uye mune mhuka. Ndivo causative vaishandira zvirwere zvakawanda chaizvo zvakakomba. In murume, zvakare, marsupials howa parasitize. Vamwe zvokudya zvinoshandiswa nevanhu, kuchinjwa Ascomycetes.

Truffles uye morels, vari vamiririri notumwe izvi, anowanzoshandiswa sezvokudya kwevanhu. Yeasts inoshandiswa nokuda kubikira kuti bhekari zvigadzirwa, zvimwe zvinwiwa kugadzira, zvinodhaka kukura. Ascomycetes vanowana Chikumbiro yavo sayenzi.

Mbiriso - kupfuura mukurumbira mumiririri

Zita rokuremekedza iri inobatanidza nevamiririri 1,500 zvakasiyana. Vanokwanisa vagere munyika emura uye Semi-zvakasimba substrates.

Shoko "mbiriso" rinobva Proto-necheSalvic rechiito rinoreva kuti "kusamuendesa", "vanokanya". Zita iri zvinozivikanwa zvose mutauro wokuRussia munhu. Mudzi "dedera" tsananguro sezvaari yakarurama zvose kwemasayendisiti kuti munguva chinovira yacho chakuvhe. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Chirungu zita unorira mbiriso. Akashandurirwa Russian, rinoreva kuti "govera gasi."

Zvinoita sokuti marsupials notumwe (mbiriso), aizivikanwa zvose, nekuti vakashandisa navo kwemazana emakore Madzimai epamusha kubikira. Beer rave brewed kwemakore anenge zviuru zvitanhatu apfuura BC, akanga atoshandisa howa izvi. Baking Michina vanhu kugona gare gare - muna 1200 BC. e.

mbiriso The okutanga dzakaonekwa pasi maikorosikopu muna 1680, asi zvino nemhaka kusavapo mamwe masangano avo asina kuzivikanwa sezvo zvipenyu. Papera chinguva, akaiswa mberi dzidziso kuti mbiriso chaizvoizvo - chaivo zvinhu zvavo siyana - namakemikari. Nokufamba kwenguva, dzidziso iyi yave disproved. Kwakaratidza kuti chidhakwa chinovira - dzinongoitika kwacho.

mbiriso marudzi

Yeasts akakamurwa nezvemarudzi shanu: mubiki, akaoma, doro, waini uye rikazvisundira.

Kubika howa zvinowanikwa mumwe muchitoro. Vanogona kuchengetwa kwenguva refu, uye mamiriro avo nyore kuti zviri nyore kuti kubika mukanyiwa, kunyange mwana.

Chakatsindirwa howa vasingagari refu, pasina Refrigeration vanogona kuchengeta kupfuura 14 days. A mukuru tembiricha vanogona kuderera mune isingasviki pasvondo. Kana iwe uzviise pasi furiza, howa zvichaita kukodzera mumwe 2 months. Vasati kushandiswa, vanofanira zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura inodziya.

Dry mbiriso - howa vane refu pasherufu upenyu. In inotonhorera nzvimbo, apo pasina unyoro, vanokwanisa pasi kuti 2 years. Kana vasimba, vanofanira zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura (kuva nechokwadi ushamwari). Pakarepo howa uyewo vakarambana, asi vachava vakagadzirira kushandisa mumaminitsi 10-15.

Beer howa vakakamurwa kuva kuwanda subspecies. Kana tikafunga kuti mumwe nomumwe wavo vanofarira zvinhu zvakasiyana uye Rinofembedza, ipapo nokunwa akaita vavo ane unhu hwakasiyana. notumwe aya akaparadzirwa mvura chimiro, saka hazvisi zvakakodzera nyunguduka navo. Vanewo raiwanzoshandiswa kvas, asi vakasiyana doro iri chinwiwa uye dheri, pane utachiona.

Kunewo zvokudya mbiriso, asi rinodyiwa nevanhu havasi varumbidzwa kuti kuwedzerwa.