Chii chichaitika kana mafuta anomhanya? How zvakawanda mafuta zvakakwana? Oil makambani

Kana yapera mafuta? Makumi emakore apfuura, nyika akatotanga akanyevera kuti kwakachengetwa kupera. Nhasi mamwe mafuta kupfuura zvakafanira. Chii anodya Kukura ndarama dema?

Carter kuti paterevhizheni kero

Evening, April 18, 1977, US President Dzhimmi Karter akakoka terevhizheni venhau mu ari Oval Office of White House uye ominously vakazivisa vanhu American kuti iye zvino anoda kutaura zvinoitika nyaya imwe dambudziko kusingaenzaniswi muUnited States munhoroondo. Akataura mukuru post-hondo zvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika.

Zvisati dambudziko, iyo yakakurukurwa yaiva simba. Kana pane kuishaya. Maererano 39th President of United States, dambudziko mafuta kwakaita kudiwa yokufudza kwokudiwa simba nokuda nokukurumidza kuderera mune zvinhu. Kwezvinoshandiswa yeHydrocarbon reserves pamusana 75% munyika yacho zvinopa simba. President kunyange inonzi nguva apo mafuta anomhanya - zvakanga zvichizoitika mune inotevera 6-7 makore.

Speech Carter akanga akakwazisa pasina kufarira. VokuAmerica haana kukosha chezvinyorwa shoko, uye kunyange zvishoma - ayo chiono mbudo kubva izvi pamwe didactic chinodiwa seboka tsika rutsigiro. Asi kashoma kuti mumwe munhu nokusatenda kupiwa chokwadi.

Asi, purezidhendi US akaita chikanganiso. Data pamusoro mumatanda epetroleum negasi zvakava zvakaipa. Energy kwete chete havana pakupedzisira, vakanga, kana asina magumo, pata yakakura. Hapana aizviziva zvino, asi nhasi vakawanda vanoziva izvi.

How zvakawanda mafuta zvakakwana?

Kunze rinorema yeHydrocarbon deposits muNorth America, Russia, Saudi Arabia nevamwe Middle East runobereka nyika, pane untapped deposits kuSouth America, Africa uye kweArctic: kwete mabhiriyoni emiti uye dzakazadza. Saka, achishamisika chii chichaitika kana mafuta anomhanya kusvikira mangwanani. Mukupesana, maererano nomushumo kubva Harvard University, nyika iri kutamira glut Mahydrocarbon.

75-peji yokudzidza nyanzvi uye vaimbova pamusoro maneja Leonardo Modzheri Eni, izvo vakaongorora kukura uye kudzvinyirirwa cheminda mafuta vakapoteredza nyika, anofanotaura 20 muzana kuwedzera munyika yose kugadzirwa muna 2020.

Zvikurukuru, izvozvo akataura pamushumo:

• deposits zvakadzama muna wokuBrazil Santos Basin, izvo kutenda kuti dzine anenge mabhiriyoni 150 emiti yemafuta ;
• Venezuelan deposits "mamwe inorema" mafuta Orinoco tara sand, vanofungidzirwa 1,2 tiririyoni emiti;
• sand mafuta Canada;
• Kwanza bheseni kuAngola,
• uyewo deposits of Bakken uye Three Forks muna North Dakota uye Montana muUnited States, iyo, maererano Modzheri anogona kuva yakaenzana kwePersian Gulf.

Uye chikonzero tiguu ichi? The muzvigadzirwa chimurenga kunoshandura nzira yokuwana uye mafuta.

"Nhasi, ari indasitiri anokwanisa kuona asina kumboonekwa, uye kuwana chinhu kuti kare aisagona kuwana - anoti Gerald Shotman, chekambani mukuru Michina mukuru Shell, vachishandisa The Hague. - Asi tiri zvikuru kukwanisa kubuda reserves iwayo, imwe pfungwa iri yokutaura sei isu kubata navo ".

shale mafuta

Mumwe mukuru kubudirira uye nzira oiri, izvo akatonga mashoko mumakore achangodarika, zvose zvakanaka uye zvakaipa, ndiyo mabikirwo hydraulic fracturing, kana freking. Chaizvoizvo, nzira iyi kwokusunungura Mahydrocarbon akanyudzwa shale idzodzo, kushandisa zvikuru simba mvura pombi, pressurized matani 14 / ba. m. Hydraulic fracturing yakatanga kushandiswa Kansas ari forties remakore rapfuura, asi chete mumakore achangopfuura nekuvongwa kuvandudza dzakawanda mutengo mafuta wawa ne izvi kuitira kuti mabikirwo yava zvemari chine musoro. Zvicherwa, zvaimbonzi unrecoverable, zvino zvatinokwanisa.

Hapana vari kubudirira izvi hazvina kushandiswa nomufaro kupfuura iri US. Kwemakore matanhatu, nhamba emiti anobudiswa kubva Bakken inotungamirwa, shale, iyo anopindura imwe nharaunda dzinenge 518 sq. M. km Munotatamura kubva Montana kuna North Dakota yakawedzera ka100 - kubva 6 zviuru zviuru 600 pazuva - .. uye kuti North Dakota chechipiri pakukura mafuta mugadziri muUnited States pashure Texas. The Vagari guta guru Williston State kwakaita nekatatu mumakore 10 apfuura. Pano vakamhanyira truckers uye vashandi oilfield kubva munyika kutambura kubva kudzikira. In North Dakota, svinudzai mabhizimisi matsva uye madhipatimendi itsva zvipatara, zvichiteverwa kwezvivako, vachigomera pasi uremu hwevanhu mutsika. Mapoka zvemhoteredzo abate vociferous kurwisa frekinga, vachiti mabikirwo kunosvibisa pevhu mvura manyuko, inokonzera kwenyika omunharaunda uye zvakavapoteredza yakawanda chepfu.

frekinga Vanotsigira vanosimbirira kuti njodzi idzi zvinogona kudzorwa zvikuru. Uye vanotaura hombe kubatsira echimurenga nzira. The tiguu muna North Dakota uye kukurumidza Kushandurwa United States kubva mambure imupota kuti mambure simba ekisipota akaderedza nyika kuvimba nesimba pfuma kuMiddle East. Enterprises mafuta maindasitiri ose China, Russia uye Argentina, mwoyo migumisiro United States pachavo vari kutanga kushandisa ruzivo urwu. The kambani Linc Energy akazivisa vakaronga migodhi mabhiriyoni 233 emiti ramafuta shale dombo kumaruwa ekuAustralia.

tara sand

Asi zvokuita kana kudzingwa mafuta shale? Freking - ichi rinongova rimwe zvakawanda zvinoshamisa Zvinhu seri tiguu itsva. Kubatsira kugadzira nesimba-to-mafuta zvemichina yakazviwanira nzira kundomutora kubva musanganiswa jecha nevhu inozivikanwa tara kana mafuta inobereka sandstone, ivo deposits kupfuura iyo inowanikwa Canada.

Kufanana shale, yeHydrocarbon kugadzirwa raiva kare uneconomical, asi pezvakaitwa itsva, iyo inosanganisira hwemvura kudziyisa jecha, akaita mamwe ichikwezva rwokugadzira. Canada parizvino pave emiti mamiriyoni 1.9 zuva mafuta akawana nenzira iyi, kunyange, sezvo freking nzira kwakaita okutsutsumwa makuru. Albert Gor, murwi zvakatipoteredza, akarondedzera tara sand se "dirtiest tsime emura mafuta inogona kwokufungidzira akadana zvarongwa kuvaka chikuru Mapaipi mutsva kubva kuminda mafuta Alberta kuti painocheneserwa« Texas Gulf "" kupenga. "

chinjikira Drilling

Mafuta tiguu runokonzerwawo itsva, rakanyatsorurama kuchera nzira. Kugadzirwa ndiyo nzira chinjikira zvinoreva kuti nzvimbo pamusoro pechiso riri makiromita mashoma kubva chipfuro. Companies anogona the drill pasi, uye ipapo kutsauka nenzira kuenda achida pfungwa. The shongwe iri mu megungwa nechokure 500 chete kubva kumahombekombe, dombo anogona kupfuura pasi 7 km uye 7 km kure uye siya chaizvo achida nzvimbo. Muchidimbu, izvi zvinoreva kuti zvisingaiti kuti vanochera yakaoma buri. Somuenzaniso, muna 2011 kubudirira kuchera yave kubudirira 99% nyaya.

Zvinetso ultradeep matsime

Oil makambani akachera zvakadzama kupfuura kare. Rig "Hawk" pachitsuwa Sakhalin pedyo kumabvazuva kwemhenderekedzo Russia wakakugadzirirai zhinji zvinyorwa indasitiri, kusanganisira kuchera matsime pamwe Outbound kutsauka kudzika 12 345 m, rinopfuura kukura Mount Everest.

Panguva iyoyo, mano geometry kunodzivisa drilling panguva zvikuru pakadzika. Sezvakatsanangurwa neLens e, mukuru uchishandisa mukuru Shell muna China, tsime anofanira kusimba pamwe simbi, saka havana kuparadzwa, asi nzira yoga kudzikisa simbi casing - itai kuti dhayamita neimwe nenyere anoteverwa zvishoma pane yapfuura mumwe.

Zvanzi ichikutadzisa kudzama. "Zvino kana kambani aida vanochera matatu-kiromita zvakanaka, zvino, ngationei uti, wokutanga casing anofanira kuva mukuru kupfuura chivako umo Ndinogara," - anoti Cook.

Zvisinei, kufambira mberi, ine risingadzivisiki mberi tichimhanya, uye chii sokuti kuti tisaremedza nhasi, mangwana uchava ndezvechinyakare. Nokuti kambani Shell okupedzisira makore 10 kwakasimbiswa monobore michina kuti zvichaita kudzikisa casing mukati mumwe, uye ipapo kutambanudza navo akaenzana. In dzidziso, ichi aivabatsira ari kuchera matsime zvakadzama, kunyange mainjiniya vachiri kufunga sei kudzivisa kunyunguduka nenyere panguva dzakadaro pakadzika. Panguva apo mafuta anomhanya minda zvinowanikwa, uye dambudziko zvirokwazvo kugadziriswa.

Tsvaka Mahydrocarbon: zvizivikanwe nemichina midziyo

Kana mubvunzo apo riri mafuta deposits, kutsvaka mhinduro inoitika nguva dzose. Vanodzidza, zvinenge, kuziva kwainobva haumanikidzwi kutsvaka. Mahydrocarbon aumba kubva duku yaora zvinomera, algae uye utachiona kuripo kusvikira pachiyero Continental pasherefu, asi haana kuenda nokuti, saka mafuta drilling pakati penyanza zvaizoshaya.

Pedyo pasi Zvisinei, t. N. zvizivikanwe nemichina midziyo 10 kudhonza netambo 20, mumwe nomumwe 15 km pakureba, acoustic nzvimbo inoda kufunga kuti kuvapo mafuta uye gasi deposits. "Panguva iyoyowo, vanokurudzirwa, ndivo kupfuura murume-akaita zvinhu panyika," - anoti Robin Uoker, mutevedzeri womutungamiriri kumusika pana WesternGeco, iyo muridzi matare akawanda zvakadaro. Uye zvechokwadi yakakura. The zvikuru vavo, Ramform Sterling, haagari WesternGeco, PGS uye Odin uye ane mungarava matani 400 kumusoro-zvakarurama yemagetsi midziyo kuiswa munzvimbo yeminda nhabvu 830.

Mumwe mudziyo zvizivikanwe nemichina kuti vaunze acoustic pulses mumvura pamwe compressed mhepo kushandisa mhepo pfuti. The ruzha vari ipapo zvinoratidzwa kubva misungo nokuunganidza zvizivikanwe nemichina jeko akashongedzerwa pemvura mamaikorofoni. Kudzidza date ichi, Vanodzidza kuti deposits uye kadhi yakatarwa, zvavakanga vakazara - mafuta, gasi, kana mvura chete.

Munguva manonwe, zvizivikanwe nemichina nemidziyo vatendeuka zvikepe hove, asi chete ane mbiri-dimensional rwokugadzira. Nhasi ivo dzinovakwa zvakananga kuti mari $ 200 miriyoni uye anoshandisa-dimensional matatu Visualization, izvo yekudyidzana nani kururama kwavo. Nzira iyi haisi havakanganisi. Dzimwe nguva netambo havakwanisi kuvhiringidzwa. "Uyu ndiwo nyika guru plate Spaghetti - Walker anoti. - Zvinotora shomanana kuti untangle navo. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvakadini kunzwisisa zviri befu. "

nzvimbo mari

"Chii chiri kuitika kune wechikepe nerokuti purogiramu nzvimbo, - akati Robert Bryus, vokuAmerica munyori uye mutori kushandisa simba nyaya. - Uye izvi zvose mari kubva dzakavanzika zvinyorwa ".

The rakawandisa kuti vanobatanidzwa pano, anogona munhu ungatsauka musoro. Vose, kambani mubasa ubanguranyika uye kugadzirwa mugore rimwe chete kupedza inopfuura $ 1 bhiriyoni. Oil kambani Shell Somuenzaniso, kubhadhara makirogiramu mamiriyoni 63 kuti kodzero kuongorora imwe nzvimbo 13 zviuru ba. M. ? km kubva kumabvazuva kweCanada. Zvaisazova zvinogoneka pasina zvakawanda mashoko pamusoro pamberi Mahydrocarbon, asi vachiri munzira dzakawanda zvikuru zvinesimba pfungwa pachaunga kusunungurwa achiparidza ngaakuitirei rakanga zvinotevera: «Shell akati chaifanira tsunga, ane nayo nzvimbo itsva nemafuta kana negasi. " Pasinei zvikuru Shell akabhadhara, kana ndaiziva kuti chokwadi?

dziva Santos

Makwikwi pakati dealers, dzaishandisa, searchers uye vanozoshanda zvikuru oma. Munhu wese anoda mugove wavo, uye vatungamiriri vane kutenga kodzero nokukurumidza.

Mumwe vanotyisa Battlefields mumakore maviri adarika ndiye Brazil. Kare Santos dhishi, penyanza nzvimbo muna 320 km north-kumabvazuva Sao Paulo, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti kuongorora kuvapo mafuta nokuda makobvu paiva munyu, nokuti taita transmits vibration. Asi kukura seismology nokukurumidza akaita nzvimbo chinangwa simba kugadzira makambani, uye muna 1999 boka mafuta Petrobras akawana pano munda raiva vanenge mamiriyoni 700 emiti.

dziva Kwanza

Kubudirira Brazil chakaita Vanodzidza kutarisa mhiri Atlantic Angola pre-munyu inotungamirwa. Kuziva kuti mhenderekedzo Brazil, makore mamiriyoni 100 apfuura, adjoined kumavirira kweAfrica, vaidavira kuti reserves izvi angawanika ikoko. Muna February 2012, dzidziso idzi dzave kwechokwadi kuwanikwa deposits muna Kwanza mumudziyo, ane simba rinosvika vanenge mabhiriyoni 1,5 emiti. Kubvira ipapo, makambani akawanda mafuta, kusanganisira BP uye Total, vakanochengeta kodzero ubanguranyika kuAngola.

Kumadzimai bidders havana buritsa kukura vanonzi siginicha bonuses, asi hazvina kufunga kuti vakanga hombe. Muna 2006, ivo Chinese hofori Sinopec wakakugadzirirai nyika nhoroondo nokubhadhara kuti gungwa nharaunda mabhiriyoni 1,1 emadhora. How zvikuru mari kuti achawana vanhu Angola - a moot pfungwa. Nhoroondo mafuta ubanguranyika mu Africa haisi kufara chaizvo. The nyika ane nzvimbo yakaderera 168th kunyika 182 ari Corruption Maonero Index Transparency International.

Kungava kuchenjera kuti kudavira kuti genie angambova kuisa kunyika bhodhoro. Robert Brays anoti, nyika Anomhanyira mafuta, nguva. Hapana mumwe fuma haigoni kukwikwidzana nacho, kana totaura simba arambe achirema, mukana wokushandiswa, nyore kubudiswa uye muwanire chokufambisa. Kana mafuta hakuwaniki, zvingava kuti wekuvamba.