Kudzorerwa - chii ichi? Ndiani ane kodzero kudzorerwa uye sei anogadzirwa?

shoko rokuti "kudzorerwa" zvinowanzodavirwa kushandiswa mune zvematongerwo enyika uye basa. Ndezvipi uye chii chinangwa zvikaitika unowanzosangana?

Shoko "kudzorerwa"

Kazhinji kacho, "kudzorerwa" - ndiko kudzoka munhu kana kudzoka chinhu kubva imwe nyika yokumusha kwavo. Zvingava Somuenzaniso, vagari vanouya chimiro yavakanga kuberekwa uye amutswa, kubva kunze kwenyika, uko vari nokuda kwechikonzero akararama kare. Kazhinji, vana kudzorerwa uku kwese kuti vanhu vaidzokera dzinza yokumusha kwavo. At padanho mutemo dzakawanda, chiitiko ichi yaiitwa muna Geneva Convention muna 1949.

Paiva vaiona nyaya kudzorerwa munguva yorugare - mukusiyana tsika kufamba vagari pakati penyika zviviri zvichangobva nguva noruremekedzo kuti nguva rehondo. Kune dzimwe mhirikiro rokuti. Izvi zvinosanganisira Somuenzaniso, kudzorerwa kuti guta; kana mari chichiwanikwa nomunhu kunze, akazodzokera kumusha kwake. Izvi izwi anogona chokuita kuti nokure nemagariro uye nounyanzvi. Muchiitiko chino, dzimwe tsika dziri kunze, akadzokera kunyika yaigara enhoroondo.

Civil kudzorerwa: A Global Perspective

Vanhu kumba pashure upenyu refu kunze, akadana vanodzoka. Munyika dzakasiyana tsika hurumende nekuita nevanhu ava vave nenyika maitiro. Mune dzimwe nyika, kutamira vari chinzvimbo vanhu vane kodzero vagari venguva duku. Nemamwe - vanhu kudzoka kubva kunze kwenyika, mugamuchire nekodzero nokukurumidza. Kune nyika huru kwazvo inorwara vakadaro. MuIsraeri, Somuenzaniso, cheshanu kwevanhu - vatama.

Pakati rinoti, ikapiwa dambudziko kudzoka zvemo dzinza revanhu kana zvizvarwa ekare kumusha kwavo - Russia, Armenia, Greece, Germany, Hungary, kuBaltic States. New vatamira munyika idzi dziri inosimbiswa zvakawanda kodzero dzevanhu. Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, kudzoka vanhu kunyika yokumusha kwavo historiallinen - zvikuru akanaka kukura. Zvikurukuru nokuti kukasawedzerwa wevanotungamirira uye basa pfuma yacho. Kudzorerwa - izvi zvakanaka nokuda nyika, kubvira pfungwa iyi maonero.

Kana guta runoyerera kunyika yokumusha kwavo

Kune mhirikiro dzakawanda hwekutsanangura chii ari kudzorerwa mari. Zvingava, sezvo dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti kuedza nemaune ehurumende kuti mudzorere kare zvisiri pamutemo aivigirwa guta. Saka, muna tsinga ichi, shoko iri mubvunzo ndiyo chikamu National mari mutemo. kudzorerwa mari Kutarisira ari kubatsira hurumende uye Central Bank munyika kudzora mitengo, National mari, inonzi unhu nemisha zvemari mune upfumi. Vamwe States nyanzvi aina guru, chinhu chinokosha iyo achava kudzorerwa - ichi vakwanise kuvandudza national nengaidzo vachibhadhara zviratidzo uye mari uye chinjanai kwendangariro. Mukuita pamuchinjikwa-pamuganhu fambisa mari, sezvo mutemo, kunosanganisira kwete chete nenyika dziri kumusha guru muridzi, asi hurumende, apo mari vanobviswa. Currency Rwako vangagara mhando inokosha mitero. Kune vakawanda pamutemo maitirwo ari pamuchinjikwa-pamuganhu kubhadhara mukati yechinangwa kudzorerwa makwara.

The zvinangwa rinoti pamwechete kudzorerwa mari

Chero Inter-mamiriro kufamba rezvemari, kusanganisira Chiitiko kuti kudzorerwa vemamwe rate zvakaoma - ibhuku National zvoupfumi nzira. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, pane nyika guru-kwekurasira. Kunewo mari importing nyika. netsika yavo kazhinji anoenderana ezvinhu chaiwo ari upfumi: chaiye, mudanga kuvandudzika kurambidzwa zvainoreva uye aina guru opedzisira, asi kana dambudziko - a mari aibuda makopi kunogona apora. Kunyanya kana tiri kutaura pamusoro kudzorerwa mari inenge yashandiswa iri upfumi enyika idzi. Mutemo guta kufamba zvinogona kuitwa zvido nevhu rakawandisa National, asiwo akagadzirisa makro kweupfumi. Hurumende inogona kupa mamwe chivimbiso chakasimba chekuchengetedzwa transboundary fambisa Finance pamusoro wayo nokuda, kupa inishuwarenzi kudzivirirwa yokumwe guta pamberi enyika njodzi.

Stock Exchange - the bhatiri kudzorerwa kuti guta

A nyaya inokosha guta kudzorerwa - kudzorerwa kwemubairo kubva upfumi kunze. Mazuva ano Inter-mamiriro ezvoupfumi Kudyidzana, nzira iyi kakawanda chokuita pamusika wemari. National Mari, izvo vaitengeserana ave mutemo, zvinoumba huru gobvu guru kupfurikidza kukwezva mari kubva kune dzimwe makambani. Zvazvakadaro, kuvadzorera kuRwanda yandiri akaita panguva kutengeswa migove.

Investor kuchinja navo mari inogona cashed munyika yake, uye uende, saka musika apo kutengesa nevamwe. Chokwadi, nokuda usingashandi kurambidzwa munyika kutenga uye kutengesa pamunenge muchizvivaraidza zvinogara zvakadaro kunogona kuitwa kakawanda zuva - iroro uye akamisa pamusika wemari. Asi kubva chakarongwa nemaonero, kuguma mari vakawana mukufamba kutengesa pamusoro RTS kana MICEX vatorwa - zvizere kudzorerwa. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kufarira zvakanaka rinomutsa iri mubhizimisi kubva kuhurumende.

Dzokera kumba tsika

Munguva States, ane vapfumi National tsika, pane zvinoshamisa mienzaniso chevarwere uri uyewo mabasa ounyanzvi anogadzirwa mukufamba dzakawanda exchange. Nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, vose tsika izvi zvinogona yakapiwa kunze. Kakawanda akafanirwa kurwa kana zvavanoda yaitonga Mutemo wavarindi nguva. Nhasi, hurumende umo vakasikwa tsika kuti aonekwa dzimwe nyika, dziri kushingaira kushanda kudzoka National nhaka musha.

Chinangwa chavo - kuvadzorera kuRwanda yetsika pfuma. Kuitwa pamusoro kupfuura musangano chokuita tsika pakudyidzana pakati penyika dzakasiyana panyaya iyi. Kunyanya kushingaira mamiriro ane nhoroondo chaiko kuti kare: Egipita, Greece, Libya. Regai kuramba kudivi Africa uye Latin America. The chikuru kuoma pamusoro Nhaurirano iri kuti hurumende, apo tsika zvino, havasi kuziva Mvumo mamwe zvinodiwa vomunyika dzakawanda.

Kumba, muRussia

The Russian Federation ane nhoroondo ndorwevaya nyika vari kushingaira mubasa vaitamira kwendangariro. Vamwe Vagari Russian kusiya nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, vamwe havana kudzoka sekwaserera. Fani iyi vaisagona kuramba pasina pfungwa nezviremera, zvakaitika mutemo "On kudzorerwa kuna Russia." Zvinoenderana kuita kodzero kudzokera Russia uye Russian chizvarwa vakaberekerwa munyika, Ukrainians, Belarusians nezvimwe vemarudzi enzvimbo zvemo.

Vanhu vaiuya kuRussia, kutsigirwa nemari uye nedzimwe nzira rubatsiro kubva kuhurumende. Assistance anogona kupiwa somunhu pachena, uyewo muchimiro chikwereti. Kushanda vanhu kudzoka kunyika yokumusha kwavo, nokuva pachiyero yeUnited hurumende. Saka, kuvadzorera kuRwanda kuRussia - ive chinhu wehurumende itsika.

Sei vokuRussia vakasiya nyika?

Vatama vachitsvaka kudzokera Russia dzavo dzakaitika yokumusha, sezvinoita mutemo, inhengo rimwe mapoka mana vanotodzoka. Wokutanga ndohwaJehovha vokuRussia, uyo akabva munyika mushure 1917 chimurenga, wechipiri - akasiya nyika yokumusha kwake pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II, wechitatu - vagari vakaratidza chido kuenda zvachose dzokugara kwose pezana remakore rechi20 (kunyanya 70s makore). Pakupedzisira, pamwero mukuru sefungu kuenda kumwe kwakafukidza Russia pashure pokuwa yeSoviet.

Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofunga kuti muna nechimwe yasarudzwa nguva vakawanda kuenda vagari kwose kunokonzerwa kwete kudaro pachavo kuda vanhu sezvo zviri pakati socio-enyika upenyu uye mamiriro upfumi. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti: kwazvo kuti kudzorerwa chirongwa vanhu vakaberekerwa Russia, pane pachiyero mitemo yeUnited - kuti hurumende anoratidza kuda kwayo kuti vokuRussia vakanga vakasasiya nguva kunzwa sokuti vagari dzakazara.

Business kunze: ari subtleties Mari kubhadhara

Kudzorerwa kwezvinhu guta chokuita zvakananga vagari Russian Federation, vaitungamirira dzimwe kutengeserana. In kuremekedza vavo legislated kuzvipira: kugovera okutambirwa dzimwe masangano (non-vagari) mari zvinhu uye mabasa Nhoroondo iri mvumo mabhanga. Uyewo mari wokuRussia vagari vanofanira kudzokera, kana vatorwa nemumwe akagashira chinhu mberi muripo, asi haana kuisa kuti Russian Federation pachake zvinhu kana mabasa. Under Kunze (kana kuita chero dzosera kuRussia, kureva kuti kudzorerwa, hazvisi zvakafanira) kuwa zviitiko apo nomukadzi wokumwe ishamwari dzinobva chokupika mamwe chikwereti (chikwereti) mitoro.

Mitero kubva vakadzorerwa guta

Mune dzimwe nyika, pane zvakadai chinhu sechinhu mutero pamusoro kudzorerwa mari vasiri vagari. Ari mhosva zvakananga mabviro chaiko Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva mari kunze kwenyika. mutero iri akaripa pasi uyo Transfers vasiri vagari kana kuti mhando mari: kufarira, royalties uye mibayiro. Kazhinji, kwakadai muripo chete zvinoshanda pusa mari.

Vamwe nevatongi zvinopa rinokosha mutero mari iri huye kuripwa kudzorerwa mari. Somuenzaniso, kana munhu mugari bhizimisi kunze, vaibhadhara mitero izvi dzimwe coffers, zvingava kodzero muripo mukufamba kukarukureta kuti mari mupfuma yake hurumende (kana vasanyanye nokukosha inopfupikisa).

Mwero achinyima mutero

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti hapana yezvisikwa dzomunyika dzemunharaunda yokudzora nzira yose kwokuripirwa mari yomutero kudzorerwa (kana kusarudza saizi yayo) vasiri parizvino kugamuchirwa. Uyezve, mukati mumwe nyika angava chaizvo kunzwisisa marongedzero kukarukureta mhosva dziri coffers pasi. In Ukraine, Somuenzaniso, chitsama muripo kunobva chepasi ndipo investor anouya. Itii, nokuti Cyprus indekisi iri razero. Uyewo, vamwe EU achinyima mutero kungava 10% kana kupfuura. A mujenya kunobva chikamu vaiva migove kuna chikamu, vakanyorwa muUkraine, kubva inivhesitimendi mazwi.