Maori anoshandisa fungi dzebazi? Yevhiri: chimiro, marudzi

Izvo zvekuti mafiro ndiwo fungi zvinogona kuzivikanwa kune vakawanda. Uye zvakadini nehuwandu hwemagariro evamiriri veumambo? Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti mbiriso ndeyezvifungiro zveAscomycetes uye Basidiomycetes. Izvi zvinorevei? Ngatiedzei kuzvinzwisisa pamwe chete.

Yembiriso - mushroom

Uye fungi is unicellular. Vakarasikirwa ne mycelium semhaka yekushanduka-shanduka, sezvavanotenda, maererano nekushandura kunogara munzvimbo dzine mvura yakasvibirira dzakapfuma munyaya dzehupenyu uye dzinofadza zvikuru nokuda kwehupenyu hwezvipenyu izvi. Yese mbiriso inokwana 1 500 mhando. Yese yemhashu ndeyemicellarlar mushroom.

Kuyera

Mamwe masero ari oga akasiyana-siyana aya fungi anosvika kusvika 7 μm muhupamhi, asi imwe inokura kusvika 40 μm. Zvisinei, mamwe-mbiriso-yakafanana achiri kuumba mycelium pamatanho ehupenyu hwavo , uye pane dzimwe nguvawo muviri wehuta. Parizvino, somuenzaniso, mbiriso yevabiki ndiyo eukariyoti yekutanga iyo gome yakawanikwa uye yakagadziriswa.

A bit of history

Misungo ndeyewawaini, "yakarongedzwa" nevanhu, uye kare kare kare. Vagara vachishandiswa kwemamiriyoni emigariro yekugadzirira: kubika, kusika mamiriro ekuvirisa. Iko kare muEgypt yekare, pakanga pane mabhariro uye, pachena, kushandiswa kwembiriso. Uye mune dzimwe nyika munguva yakare kare, pamwe nekubika kubika (semuenzaniso, matzah kana kuti lavash), kugadzirwa kwechingwa chekudya kwakave kuchiwana mukurumbira. Mbiriso yeBerwer yaizivikanwa nevaIjipita ikozvino makore anopfuura zviuru zvitanhatu apfuura, uye nekubatsirwa kwevanhu ava vapenyu vakagadzira ichi chinwiwa chinwiwa.

Zvinofadza, kuti mbiriso itsva mumapurazi akawanda kubva munguva yekare yakashandisa masasa ekare. Saka, maererano nevasayendisiti, pakanga pane kusarudzwa kwembiriso, paiva nemhando dzisina kuitika mumusango. Uye vazhinji vanofunga dzimwe mhando yembeu sechigadzirwa chezvinhu zvevanhu (semuenzaniso, minda: gorosi, rye uye vamwe).

Zymology

Iri ndiro zita resainzi rinotsanangura uye rinodzidza hupenyu uye basa rezvipenyu izvi. Maori anoshandisa fungi, tsika yavo yakachena yakatanga kuwanika muna 1881 muDenmark, uye muna 1883 yakanga yasati yashandiswa kugadzirwa kwebiya. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 chikwata chemupiriso chakasikwa, uye muzana remakore rechi20 kuunganidza uye zvinogadziriswa zvemaitiro anozivikanwa zvakaonekwa. Yembeu inoreva funguru yedhipatimendi reAscomycete kusvika pakati pezana remakore rapfuura. Masayendisiti akacherechedza kurara kwavo kwepabonde, achiita seboka retareonomic (marsupial mushroom). Asi muJapan, mumwe wevasayendisiti akakonzera kubereka uye mbiriso-basidiomycetes. Nokudaro, nyanzvi dzakauya pakupedzisira kuti mbiriso fungi (mufananidzo uri pasi apa) yakaumbwa panguva yekushanduka-shanduka zvichienderana nezvikamu zviviri zveumambo (ascomycetes uye basidiomycetes). Dhiyabhorosi yave ichinyatsosimbiswa nemakoromondi zvidzidzo zvezvipenyu. Havasi teti, asi, inowanzova, hupenyu hwehupenyu hwehupenyu.

Ascomycetes uye Basidiomycetes

Saka, mbiriso inoreva fungi yeAscomycete uye Basidiomycetes (kunyanya, kumatare maviri akasiyana). Vose zvavo vari pasi peumambo hwehowa hurefu. Iwe unokwanisa kuzvisiyanisa maererano nehutano hwehupenyu hutsika uye zvimwe zvimwe zviratidzo: pairi pairi muDNA, kuvepo kwekuita. Ascomycetes, kana marsupial - dhipatimendi rakadzika, iyo inosanganisira kusvika kune zviuru makumi matatu zvemarudzi (nenzira, iyo yose inozivikanwa truffles iri pedhi ino, pamwe chete nezvinyorwa uye zvigadziro). Pakati pezvose-uye mbiriso, iyo inoonekwa sevasayendisiti zvakare inoridha yezvisikwa.

Habitat

Kazhinji zvipenyu izvi zvinogara munzvimbo dzakagadzirwa neshuga - magasi pasi pamusoro pezvibereko nemabriji, mashizha. Vanogona kudya zvigadzirwa zvehupenyu hwemichero: nectar, secretions, jisi maronda. Usazvidza uye wakafa phytomass. Vanokwanisawo kurarama muvhu yakatakura kubva kune zvakasikwa, uye mumasango emvura chaiwo. Mamwe mavumbi aripo mumatumbo yezvipembenene zvinodya pfu. Mhuka dzakawanda uye pamashizha anokonzerwa nehove.

Kushanda

Mimwe yemhando yemasipire tsika dzakagara dzichitsvaga mukubika, kugadzira kubika uye kunwisa doro. Kvass, chingwa, doro, waini haigone kuita kunze kwevabatsiri vaduku. Zvose izvi mbiriso, inozivikanwa kuvanhu kwenguva yakareba, ndeye funguru yedhipatimendi reAscomycete. Nokuda kwekugadzirwa kwewaini yakasimba ivo vanobatanidzwa mune distillation panguva yekuvirisa. Mazuva ano dzimwe mbiriso dzinoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzebhaotechnology: kubudisa mafuta uye zvokudya zvinowedzera uye enzymes. Uye musayenzi inoshandiswa sechimiro chekuedza kwekutsvakurudza kwema geneticists.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

• Baking inoshandisa tsika ye Saccharomyces cerevisiae, inonzi mbiriso yevabiki. Vanobereka doro rinodhakwa , iro rinowedzera kunakidza uye kunhuhwirira kwechigadzirwa chechingwa (doro pashure, panguva yekubika, inoputika). Mukuwedzera, carbon dioxide, iyo inoumba muhukuru, inoita kuti bundu ribude, richipa kuongorora porosity uye kuchena.
• Muzvisikwa, mbiriso dzemashamba dzinokura zvakasununguka pamakrokiti emuzambiringa, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa senzvimbo yakachena. Asi iyo yechokwadi yevhisi yevhiri inonzi inonzi Saccharomyces cerevisiae, iyo ishoma pane masumbu. Ndizvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshandiswa kunyanya kuumba waini. Somugumisiro wekugadzira mbiriso yekushusa iri mumuchero wemuzambiringa, ethanol inobudiswa, uye mbiriso nekuwedzera kuwedzerwa. Uye kugadzira mambuka, waini inopedzerwa inogadzirwa kakawanda, kuwedzera mbiriso tsika.
• Mukuputika, zviyo zvakasimwa zvebhari (malt) uye mbiriso yepasi uye yakasimbiswa inoshandiswa. Mhete yakagadzirwa, yakabikwa, yakavhenganiswa nemvura uye yakabikwa, iko kushandisa Saccharomyces cerevisiae kana imwe mbiriso. Kvass inogadzirwa nenzira inenge yakafanana, asi kuwedzera kune mbiriso, lactobacilli inoshandiswa zvakare.
• Mafuta anotaurwa pamusoro apa, anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muhupfumi hwenyika, ndeyeboka reAscomycete mushroom. Uyezve yakakurumbira nokuda kwegadziriro yezvinwiwa mbiriso uye mabhakitiriya masangano: somuenzaniso, fungus chai kana mushroom weTibetan. Vane zvinhu zvakawanda zvinobatsira muviri wemunhu, uye kushandiswa nguva dzose kwezvinwiwa izvi kunodzivirira marudzi ose ezvirwere zvemuviri wepamuviri uye dzimwe nhengo dzomukati.