Muchinda yokutanga muRussia. Machinda rokutanga Russia: tafura

Paumbwe rudzi, gare gare unonzi Rus, Rusich, Russian, vokuRussia, razova mumwe akasimba marudzi munyika, kana kwete akasimba, yakatanga kubatana pakati Slavs vanogara East European Plain. Kupi kuuya nyika ino, kana - haizivikanwi. History yaMakoronike hapana uchapupu Ruses okutanga emakore AD hakuna zvabatwa. Chete yechipiri yezana IX remakore - nguva apo muchinda wokutanga kuRussia - zvinokwanisika kuti kuronda zvakadzama chirongwa rudzi chivakwa.

"Uya, uve mambo wedu ..."

Maererano guru gang kuti vakawanda nzizi uye madhamu chokuita mumwe vose East European Plain, akararama marudzi yekare Ilmen vokuSlovenia, glades, Drevlyane, Krivichy, Polotsk, Dregovichi, northerners, Radimichi Vyatichi, akawana chinhu chimwe chakafanana vose zita - Slavs. maguta maviri makuru yakavakwa madzitateguru edu vekare - the Dnieper uye Novgorod - chokuunza mamiriro munyika kwatova, asi navabati vasina. Rwakapetwa-Kudanidzira anotaura magavhuna marudzi akazviratidza apo mu renhoroondo dzamadzimambo vatongi vokutanga Russia zvakanyorwa. Table nemazita avo ane mitsetse mishomanana, asi chikuru mutsetse munhau yedu.

achidana nzira kuna Slavs VaViking utariri anozivikanwa kwatiri kubva kuchikoro. Madzitateguru amarudzi, waneta kugara skirmishes uye kurwisana mumwe, vakasarudzwa nhume kumachinda Rus 'rudzi akararama nokuda Sea reBaltic, uye akarayira kuti kuudza avo kuti "... nyika yedu All mukuru uye akapfuma, asi hapana nemapfekero (kureva. E . hakuna runyararo uye kuti). Uya, uve mambo wedu. " Isu vakabvuma kudana Rurik hama sineus uye truvor. Hatina kuuya oga, asi nehondo yake, uye vakagara Novgorod, Izborsk uye Byelozero. Maiva mugore 862. Zvino vanhu, izvo vakatanga kutonga, akatanga kudana Russ - pasi zita yorudzi Varangian machinda.

Kuramba kutanga zvakabuda dzekare

Pane mumwe, zvishoma rondedzero yakakurumbira pamusoro kusvika zabaltiyskih machinda munyika yedu. Sezvo pamutemo shanduro, paiva nehama matatu, asi zvingangoita kuti yekare tomes vakanga verenga (rakashandurwa) zvakaipa, uye akasvika necheSalvic nyika mutongi mumwe chete - Rurik. Muchinda Russia rekare kuuya vakavimbika varwi vake (varwi) - "Chokwadi-mbavha" muna Old Odin, uye nemhuri yake (kubva, musha) - "Blue-Hus". Nokudaro zano kuti paiva nehama nhatu. Nokuda kwechimwewo chikonzero, vanyori venhau rinogumisa kuti makore maviri pashure kutamira Slovenia, vose saka -called mukoma Rurik ikafa (nemamwe mazwi, shoko "kwiza-mbavha" uye "yebhuruu-Hus" haasisina vanotaurwa yaMakoronike). Mumwe anogona kumbotipa zvimwe zvikonzero zvinoverengeka nokuda Kutsakatika kwavo. Somuenzaniso, kuti panguva iyo mauto, iyo inounganidzwa muchinda rokutanga Russia, hazvina kunzi "basa-mbavha" uye "kukupfura", uye vakauya kwaari srodstvenniki - kwete "Blue-Hus" uye "mhando".

Uyezve, nyanzvi kare ano vari kuramba kuti vanodavira kuti Rurik yedu - hapana mumwe kupfuura akakurumbira munhoroondo Danish konung Rorik Frislandsky, inozivikanwa kwayo vakabudirira zvikuru vachirwisa pamusoro zvishoma simba vavakidzani. Zvichida ndosaka akanga akadana puranga, kuti akanga akasimba, akashinga uye asingakundiki.

Russ apo Rurik

Muvambi ehurumende wemuTesitamende Russia, muvambi machinda youmambo, izvo akazova youmambo, utongi nevanhu avakapiwa kwemakore 17. Iye kwakabatanidzwa imwe simba Ilmen vokuSlovenia, psovskih uye Smolensk Krivichy rose uye Chud, northerners uye Drevlyane, Meria uye Radimichi. The vakakoshesa nyika aiti magavhuna evatsigiri vake. Pakazopera rokutonga Rurik Ancient Rus kubatikana chaizvo munharaunda.

Kuwedzera muvambi itsva kwomuchinda mhuri, nhoroondo uye raisanganisira vaviri ake hama - Askold uye DIR, wakasiyiwa kudanwa yomuchinda simba rake pamusoro Kiev, haana kuwanika achiri richangobva kuumbwa mamiriro revane kukosha. Muchinda wokutanga Russia Novgorod akasarudza sezvo yaaigara, apo akafa muna 879, vachisiya hugota mwanakomana muduku Igor. Nhaka Rurik kuzvitonga vakasagona. Kwemakore akawanda Batanidzai simba akapfuura Oleg - shamwari uye hama muchinda akashaya kure.

Wokutanga zvechokwadi Russian

Nemhaka Oleg, remadunhurirwa rokuti vanhu Wouprofita, Ancient Russia akawana simba, iyo kuti shanje uye Constantinople uye Byzantine Empire - yakasimba panguva yacho mamiriro. Zvaakaita munguva yake, wokutanga muchinda Russian muRussia, regent vaduku Igor vachiwanda uye yemwoyo. Pashure kuunganidza uto guru, Oleg akaenda nomurwizi Dnieper uye akahwina Ljubech Smolensk, Kiev. The yokupedzisira rakatorwa nokubvisa Askold uye DIR, uye inogarwa idzi drevlyans vakaziva Igor mutongi wayo chaiye, uye Oleg - akakodzera regent kusvikira vayaruka ake. Kubva, guta guru Russia iri dzavakatumirwa Kiev.

Nhaka Veschego Olega

madzinza akawanda akabatanidzwa Russia mumakore ake okutonga, Oleg, panguva akazviti wokutanga Russian zvechokwadi, muchinda kwete asina musoro. kurwisa kwake Byzantine Empire akagumisa yakakwana kukunda uye kuhwina shure Rousseau zvinobatsira pachena vagotengeseranamo Constantinople. Zvakapambwa akadzosera chete kukupfura mushandirapamwe uyu. machinda kutanga muRussia, zvakakodzera kupiwa uye Oleg, zvirokwazvo Radel kubwinya ehurumende.

ngano zhinji uye zvinoshamisa nyaya dzaiva rikaparadzirwa pakati vanhu vadzoka mauto kuenda Constantinople. Kuti tisvike pagedhi reguta, Oleg akarayira kuisa zvikepe pamusoro vhiri, uye kana ane mhepo wakanaka akazadza maseiri azvo, dare "akaenda" mhiri pamapani kuConstantinople, kuunza chityiso vagari. Zvinotyisa Byzantine Emperor Leo VI mapfumo mirawo, uye Oleg ari hunoshamisa kukunda chiratidzo akaroverera nhoo yake pamusoro magedhi Constantinople.

In nemabhuku emabasa makore 911 kare Oleg akaita se wokutanga Grand Muchinda All Russia. Muna 912 akafa, maererano netsika, kubudikidza kuruma nyoka. Its mutemo-gore 30 kupfuura yakaguma hazvisi gamba.

Pakati pakugona

Norufu Oleg hunoenzana zvinhu yakakura kubva weutungamiriri akatora Igor Ryurikovich, kunyange chokwadi aiva mubati wenyika kubva 879-ndipo. Sezvingatarisirwa, aida kuva Mufambiro vamutangira ake makuru vakakodzera. Iyewo akarwa (kwake ushe Russia ndavhiyiwa kudenha yokutanga Pechenegs), iye akakunda akawanda madzinza pedyo, richivamanikidza kuti kubhadhara mutero. Igor akaita zvose sezvo muchinda wokutanga kuRussia, asi mukuru muviri kurota kwake - kukunda kuConstantinople, hazvina pakarepo pachena. Uye kwete zvose vakaenda zvakanaka maererano nzvimbo dzavo.

Pashure simba revatungamiriri pamusoro Rurik uye Oleg, Igor aiva simba zvikuru uye vainzwa drevlyans wakaoma, vachiramba kubhadhara mutero. Machinda Kiev rokutanga vakakwanisa kuchengeta madzinza inondimukira kudzora. Igor uyewo panguva yokupanduka ino quelled, asi Drevlyane kutsiva vakabata muchinda makore mashoma gare gare.

Chivande of Khazars, munhu kurasisa Drevlyane

Havaratidzi dzakabudirira ukama chete Crown Prince uye Khazars. Kuedza kusvika kuGungwa reCaspian, Igor akapedzisa chibvumirano navo kuti vachaita uchisuwa kukupfura kugungwa, uye akanga achiuya shure, kuvapa hafu akapfuma kugadzirwa. Prince akaita zvipikirwa zvake, asi zvakanga zvisina kukwana kuti Khazars. Achiona kuti preponderance kwesimba kudivi ravo muhondo dzinotyisa, vakauraya zvinenge zvose mauto eRussia.

Unonyadzisa kukundwa aona Igor uye pashure ake rwendo yokutanga kuConstantinople muna 941 - the Byzantines yakaparadzwa anenge kukupfura yake yose. Makore matatu gare gare, achida achageza kunyadziswa, Prince, tichibatanidza kupinda uto kuroorwa Rus, Khazar uye kunyange Pechenegs vachifamba Constantinople zvakare. Ndakaona kubva vokuBulgaria, kuti muedzo simba, mambo akapa Igoryu Mir panguva yakanaka chaizvo nokuda, uye muchinda akazvigamuchira. Asi rimwe gore pashure zvinoshamisa kukunda yakadaro, Igor akaurayiwa. Kuramba kubhadhara akanamata kudzokorora, korestenskie drevlyans akaparadza OTRADA shoma vateresi, pakati pavo kwakanga muchinda pachake.

Princess, wokutanga pazvinhu zvose

Noutsinye vakazvitsivira vatengesi mudzimai Igor kuti - Pskovityanka Olga, izvo akatsaura sezvo ake kunyange Oleg Wouprofita muna 903 mukadzi. Drevlyans vakaparadzwa pasina kurasikirwa kuna Rus, nemhizha, asiwo utsinye nzira Olga - kuti anoenda pasina vachiti takakwanisa kurwisa machinda vokutanga kuRussia. Nhaka zita ehurumende mutongi afa Igor, Svyatoslav akatora mwanakomana kwomuchinda vaviri, asi nekuda paucheche wekupedzisira gumi pemakore kuti mai vake akatungamirira Rus.

Olga inoshamisa uchenjeri, ushingi, uye unyanzvi nouchenjeri mafambisirwo mamiriro. Mushure kubatwa zviri Korosten - mukuru guta Drevlyane - Princess akaenda kuConstantinople vakarikunda rubhabhatidzo. Kereke Orthodox achiri muKiev uye Igor, asi vanhu vokuRussia vakanamata Perun uye Veles, uye nokukurumidza akatendeuka kubva muchihedheni kuchiKristu. Asi chokwadi chokuti Olga, uyo atora yorubhabhatidzo zita Elena, nematombo mugwagwa kuRussia uye nokutenda chitsva kusvikira afa (akafa muna 969 wamambo) hazvina kuzvichinja, akaruvaka kusvikira chinzvimbo yavatsvene.

Warrior kubvira paucheche

Russian Aleksandrom Makedonskim akadana Svyatoslav NM Karamzin, Muvambi "yeRussian wehurumende." Inoshamisa ushingi uye ushingi akasiyana nevatongi wokutanga Russia. A tafura iyo inoratidza yakaoma mazuva okutonga avo, hwakazara zhinji mbiri kukunda uye mabasa kuti vabatsirwe Yababa, izvo anomirira zita rimwe nerimwe mariri.

Nhaka makore matatu Grand Duke zita (afa Igor), kuti of facto mutongi weRussia Svyatoslav akanga chete muna 962. Makore maviri gare gare akasunungurwa kubva pakudzorwa pakati Khazars uye yakatora kuRussia Vyatichi, uye maviri akatevera - nhamba yemadzinza necheSalvic kurarama pedyo Oka, ivo Volga nharaunda, kuCaucasus uye muBalkans. The Khazars vakakundwa, ravo guru Itil akaraswa. Tiine North Caucasus Svyatoslav akapa nyika yavo zvirongo (Ossetians) uye Kasogs (Circassians) uye kuzvigadzirisa mumaguta richangobva akasika uye Tmutarakan White Tower. Sezvo rokutanga Muchinda All Russia, Svyatoslav ainzwisisa kukosha kuramba kuwedzera pfuma.

Akakodzera Kurumbidzwa kukuru madzitateguru

Muna 968, wakati yakahwina Bulgaria (Pereyaslavets guta uye Dorostol) Svyatoslav kwete pasina chikonzero, akatanga kufunga nyika yaro makasimbisa mu Pereyaslavets - upenyu norugare muKiev haana kufanana, uye mai vake, Princess Olga, zvakanaka kudzorwa muguta guru. Asi pashure gore iye akafa uye muchinda vokuBulgaria, vakabatanidzwa pamwe chete Byzantine pamambo, vakazivisa hondo. Kuenda kwaari, Sviatoslav akasiya vana vake basa guru maguta Russian Yaropolk - Kiev, Oleg - Korosten, Vladimir - Novgorod.

Zvakandiomera uye nharo aiva hondo - kukunda pamwe kusiyanisa kubudirira vakapemberera rave kumativi ose. Dzaguma nebope runyararo chibvumirano, maererano iyo Bulgaria Svetoslav akasiya (izvozvo akaisa papfuma yake Byzantine Emperor Ioann Tsimiskhy) uye Byzantium nyika akabhadhara mutero muchinda Russian iiswe.

Ndadzoka ichi dzinopikisana danidziro yayo kukosha Svyatoslav panguva yakamira muna Beloberezhe kuti musi Dnieper. Pane vanobva 972 muuto rayo kusimba vakarwisa Pechenegs. The Grand Duke akaurayiwa muhondo. Yakasimbiswa mukurumbira wake somunhu wakaberekerwa murwi kare vanotsanangura kuti Sviatoslav waiona zvakaoma hikes, aigona kurara pamusoro akanyorova pasi, musoro wake tucked pasi zvigaro, sezvo zvakanga mumba vane mwero kwete kwomuchinda, kuti zvokudya aivawo nepriveredliv. shoko rake ndiro "ndinoenda kwamuri," akanyevera pamberi kurwisa vavengi yemberi, vakaburukira munhau sezvo Oleg nhovo pamusoro magedhi Constantinople.