Tanga kudhinda mu Europe

Tanga kudhinda mu Europe anongofunga nokuda nokugadzirwa mapepa mu China. Pakazosvika nguva kwaita nokubudisa hapana asingasviki zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu pamusoro zvinyorwa vakasikwa papepa dzakasiyana siyana kunosiyana yepamusoro.

The dzokutanga ruzivo pamusoro hwokugadzira mashoko rokubudisa musi shure 2. BC. e. Ivo inowanikwa kuwanikwa nevanochera muGreece (Crete) Festistkogo disk. Akanga akaita kubva nevhu. It akaisa ndokutsika kana rabva tsamba. vachinyatsogona nzira yakapiwa East.

Kudhinda anogona kuvapo panguva dzakasiyana mune zvakasiyana siyana. The Chinese yaMakoronike unogona kuwana ruzivo pamusoro mupfuri ainzi Pi Sheng. Aiva pakati 1041 uye 1048 vari nevhu tsamba. Nokuti chete Chronicle mashoko mupfuri tega uye kugadzira mashoko okudhinda pasimbi keshiya, apo tsamba yaichengeterwawo. Zvisinei, bhuku kusvikira ikozvino kumbobvira asvika.

Achishandisa zvakachengetedzwa uye miziyamu umboo, vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanoti mavambo pakudhinda muEurope aigona kuiswa muIjipiti uye Byzantium. The dambudziko iri chete nokusimbisa dzidziso, zvakabudiswa panguva, hapana mabhuku.

Tanga kudhinda mu Europe kwakabatana mazita akawanda. Somuenzaniso, munyaya pane uchapupu mumwe Procope Valdfogele. Akanga 48 tsamba uye zvimwe zvokushandisa zvesimbi. Zvisinei, mabhuku akabudiswa navo havana kurarama.

Pakati pezvimwe vanhu munhoroondo asangana Jean Brito, uye chiremba Pamufiriya Kastadi. About courtly vaidhinda ' Mambo France Nikola Zhansone, mabhuku anobudiswa Venice uye Paris, vanoti vakawanda matsime.

Chokuita kutanga kudhinda muEurope, nearitari chechi mukomana kubva Netherlands. zita rake rainzi Lawrence Yanszon Koster. Zvinofungirwa kuti chakavanzika zvokudhinda akatora pamusoro kubva kumabvazuva Armenian vapoteri. Kurutivi zera Koster akaita kuti vazukuru vake moveable tsamba uye mabhuku anobudiswa dzinoverengeka. mabhuku aya zvakachengetedzwa, asi ruzivo kuti anobudiswa Koster, nokuti ikoko.

Mumaguta akawanda European ndivo Zvivako vanhu pakawanda chokuita Typography. Zvisinei, pakutanga kwavo nokugadzirwa muzvigadzirwa yokudhinda haina nekusimba ne kare. Pfungwa nechinyorwa akakwanisa kuziva zvakanyatsojeka pakati rechi15.

Maererano Masayendisiti akawanda, pahwaro hwechibayiro yakagadzirwa, racho remabhuku kurudyi akatumirwa Gutenberg. Ndizvo chete zita iri chokuita kutanga kudhinda muEurope. Date, izvo zvinosanganisira typographic kuedza ake okutanga - 1440. Panguva ino muStrasbourg akadzidza Latin girama Ref Donat, ari Karenda younyanzvi hwenyeredzi kuti papa dzezvivi. Kwapera nguva, akadzokera chizvarwa kuguta rake wokuMainz, Gutenberg akatanga basa iri bhuku eBhaibheri rakakwana.

42-mutsetse Bhaibheri muchiLatin, yakabudiswa makore 1453-1454. Pages bhuku (pakati 1282) yaiva mitsetse 42, akarongwa muzvikamu zviviri. kushongedzwa zvinhu Shanduro rwaiitwa manually.

Pakafa Gutenberg muna 1468 kudhinda mberi nevadzidzi vake. Vanoparadzira mashoko pamusoro nokugadzirwa nechinyorwa tenzi michina yose Germany uye Europe. Guttenberg akasika kwete chete michina yokudhinda wokutanga, asi akazogadzira nzira gadzira uye Fonts foundry chimiro. Uyezve, ndeye pfungwa pakusika chaiyo chiwanikwa sezvamunoita nokuda yakaderera vavimbezve mabhii.

Nhoroondo pakudhinda muRussia yakatanga pezana-remakore rechi16. Muvambi kudhinda bhizimisi iri riri Muscovite mamiriro akanga Ivan Fedorov. bhuku rokutanga (yomusi) - "MuApostora" - yakabudiswa muna 1564 Moscow imba rokudhinda. Akashanda ari kukura kwayo Fyodorov uye mubatsiri wake Peter Mstislavets. Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi17 paiva dzakawanda kudhinda dzimba Russia. Zvisinei, kusvikira pakuguma rechi18 zvokudhinda remakore unyanzvi haana kuchinja zvikuru. Peter 1 chinja chete Sarudza - akaita vakasuma wehurumende panzvimbo Old kwechiSlavonic tsamba.