The paChernobyl nenhamo: hunhu uye zvinokonzera

April 26, 2016 yose nyika yakavhenekerwa makenduru uye aiyeuka anotyisa dambudziko akaparadzanisa nhoroondo kupinda vasati uye pashure makore 30 mushure paChernobyl njodzi. April 26 - zuva apo vanhu pasi Pasi vakadzidza sei kunogona kuita atomu "rugare". Anenge nyika dzose European vakanzwa nemigumisiro kuputika panguva paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa.

dema musi

PaChernobyl njodzi - kuputika uye kuparadzwa reactor chechina yenyukireya - akatora nzvimbo panguva paChernobyl simba chirimwa. The kuputika kwakaitika pausiku 26 musi April 1986 gore pa 01:24. Vakafa usiku muguta vose vanhu vakanga vavete, uye hapana aifungidzira kuti musi uyu ichachinja upenyu mazana ezviuru zvevanhu.

Kubvira ipapo, mumwe gore pamusoro munharaunda dzaichimbova dzeSoviet izuva kuyeuka paChernobyl tsaona sendarama inotyisa uye wakakura zvikuru tsaona mu renyukireya.

tsananguro pfupi paChernobyl

The paChernobyl njodzi kwakaitika pamusoro Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP), iri munharaunda Ukrainian SSR (zvino Ukraine), vatatu chete chete kubva kuguta Pripyat, uye mumwe zana chete kubva Kiev - guta guru Ukrainian SSR uye Ukraine ano. Panguva kwokuputsika muna Pripyat vagari vanenge 50,000 vagere, uye vakawanda vavo aishanda renyukireya simba chirimwa, izvo zvokudya rinenge guta rose.

Pazuva njodzi pachiteshi unoshanda anokwana zviyero zvina, kukundikana rimwe raiva mhaka tsaona. Mumwe zvidzidzo zviviri dzakavakwa uye aizokurumidza kupinda kushanda.

The paChernobyl simba chirimwa yakanga yakasimba zvokuti 1/10 akagovera ose USSR kuti magetsi zvinodiwa.

Kukundikana simba chechina

The paChernobyl njodzi kwakaitika muna 1986. Izvi zvakaitika musi woMugovera, April 26, yechipiri yezana usiku. Somugumisiro hwakasimba kuputika chechina chikwata rakaparadzwa zvachose uye handichisiri igadziriswe. Mune masekonzi veboka ravarwi wokutanga, achiuraya vashandi vaviri vaiva iyoyo pedyo napedyo kusvika reactor. moto chatangwa. The reactor tembiricha yakanga yakakwirira kuti zvose kuti paiva (nesimbi, kongiri, jecha, mafuta), ikanyauka.

PaChernobyl dambudziko zuva rakasviba rikaita kuti mazana ezviuru zvevanhu. Kubudiswa radioactive zvinhu kukonzera zvakakomba radioactive kusvibiswa kwete USSR asiwo yose Europe.

tsaona nguva

April 25 vaifanira akaronga kugadzirisa zviri reactor, uyewo nomuedzo itsva hurumende yacho reactor. Pamberi basa rokugadziridza kwave yekudyidzana kuderedzwa kubudikidza dzakati ari reactor simba panguva iyoyo akanga achishanda 20-30 chete% vayo kunyatsoshanda. Maererano kugadzira maitiro sezvo kwechimbichimbi kutonhora ari reactor akashandura kure. Somugumisiro, simba goho akadonha kusvika 500 MW, apo zvizere simba unogona mhanyisa kusvika 3200 MW. Around hafu apfuura pakati pousiku opareta kukwanisa kuomerera reactor simba hurumende yakati sandara, uye Rawa kuti anenge razero.

Tsvimbo akatora matanho kuwedzera mano, uye zvavaiita korona ubudirire - akatanga kukura. Zvisinei, ORM (operative reactivity kumucheto) akaramba kuwa. Paaizosvika inokwana 200 MW, kusanganisira pombi sere, kusanganisira mamwe. Asi mvura kuparadzwa, asi reactor kutonhora muduku nemhaka iyo inotanga kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma tembiricha mukati reactor anokurumidza zvasvika Kubika pfungwa.

The vakaronga kuedza kuwedzera reactor simba kwakatanga muna 1:23:04. Start akabudirira, uye simba kutanga nokukurumidza kukura. Kwakadaro kuwedzera imwe yakanga aronga, uye nhepfenyuro mudonzvo haana kupa zvakakwana kutarisirwa. Nechekare muna 1:23:38 zvakanzi kudare ne musaridzisa, uye muedzo aifanira vakarega pakarepo kumisa zvose basa uye kumudzorera reactor yaro hwepakutanga. Asi kuedza ichiri kuitika. A masekondi mashoma, kuti hurongwa mekugamuchira okuzvidzivirira ari nokukurumidza yakawedzera reactor simba, uye kwakaitika pa 01:24 paChernobyl nenjodzi - yakarira kuputika. The reactor chechina rakaparadzwa zvachose, uye kusunungurwa radioactive zvinhu mumhepo rakatanga.

Possible zvinokonzera tsaona

Mumushumo muna 1993 yakati zvinotevera zvikonzero tsaona panguva reactor:

• Vazhinji notupukanana simba chirimwa vashandi, uyewo kutyora mitemo kuedza.
• Kuenderera basa, pasinei nokuti reactor vakaita vainyeperwa, mudonzvo aida kupedza kuedza, chero zvodini.
• The reactor pacharo Hakupindirani nekuchengetedzwa mitemo, sezvo akanga wandei inokosha matambudziko STRUCTURAL.
• Mukomana mudonzvo havana kunzwisisa zvose chinowanika pamwe reactor.
• Murombo kutaurirana pakati reactor dzaishandisa.

Chero zvakanga, Chornobyl nenjodzi yakaitika nokuda dzisingadzorwi kuwedzera nesimba reactor zvenyukireya, kumisa kukura chakanga vasingachakwanisi.

Vamwe vari kutsvaka mhaka tsaona haasi ichishanda kukanganisa, uye vachida zvakasikwa. Panguva iyoyo, apo kuputika kwakaitika, zvakanga zvakanyorwa zvizivikanwe nemichina kuvhunduka, kureva, maererano neimwe shanduro imwe kudengenyeka duku akakonzera reactor kusagadzikana.

Pane imwe shanduro zvinokonzera tsaona - a zvisingakuvadzi. Utungamiriri Soviet akatsvaka saboteurs, chete kudzivisa kuziva ndechokuti reactor yakavakwa pamwe kutyorwa uye vashandi vanoshanda kwakanga kwete vanokwanisa kuita miedzo yakadaro.

Zvakazokonzerwa paChernobyl njodzi

PaChernobyl dambudziko zuva kwakaurayisa vanhu vakawanda. Kubva kuputika vakafa nhengo mbiri ravarwi, mumwe chesamende polotka pokuwa, wechipiri akafa mangwanani kubva mukukuvara ake. Zvikuru sei avo mubasa kusukwa kungoda tsaona - 134 chiteshi vashandi uye nhengo kununura mapoka pachena kuti hwakasimba Ray irradiation. Vose yakatanga mwaranzi kurwara, 28 vavo vakafa nokuda nemwaranzi utachiona pashure pemwedzi mishomanana.

At kurira kuputika akabva aona vemoto guta. Command akatora pamusoro makuru Telyatnikov. Desperate zviito Telyatnikova uye chikwata chake vakabatsira kumisa kupararira moto, zvimwe zvaitika angadai zvikuru nemafashamo. Telyatnikov pachake vakapona chete nokuvonga kuti kuvhiyiwa nouropi, wakamuita muEngland. Wokutanga panzvimbo vakuru vasvika bhurigedhi refutenendi Pravik, uyo akafa nokuda rinorema chokupfeka. Panguva iyoyowo akauraya uye refutenendi Kibenok paakasvika chete pashure Pravik.

By o'clock nhanhatu mangwanani moto akakwanisa vasaziva moto. liquidators All kuti usiku vasingazivi kana kusiya kuti reactor rakavhuvhuta, uye saka regai kuisa kunyange nzira nemwaranzi kudzivirirwa.

Vanodzima moto akaita usiku Feat kuyeuka ikozvino. Chete nemhaka heroism kwavo uye kuzvipira haana putika ari reactor wechitatu, rakanga chokuita wechina uye yaiva pedyo napedyo nawo. Kana kwete ushingise vemoto, nemigumisiro nokuputika mumwe reactor zvaizova zvakaoma kufungidzira. Saka, chero chiitiko yakatsaurirwa kuna paChernobyl nedambudziko vakudze ndangariro vemoto vakanga vachibayira hwavo mukurwisa moto pa paChernobyl. Vakaponesa nyika kubva idambudziko guru.

Nechekare awa rimwe pashure liquidators yacho tsaona yakatanga kunaya kubva nemwaranzi kurwara, uye vazhinji vakanguva nechemberi, vakaurayiwa. April 26 paChernobyl njodzi yakauraya vanhu vakawanda.

Chii chakazoitika. kubvisa

Mangwanani April 27 (sezvo tsaona kwakaitika maawa 36, kunyange zvazvo vakawanda akatozotamiswa pakarepo) shoko rakanga pachishandiswa redhiyo kuvagari Pripyat vakanga vakagadzirira kusiya muguta. Zvino havana kuziva kuti zvakawanda kumisha yavo, havangavi kudzoka.

April 28 shoko rokutanga akatumwa kuti paiva nedambudziko iri paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa, asi kuti rakavhuvhuta munhu reactor haana kuudzwa. mazuva anoverengeka gare gare, vanhu mukati imwe nharaunda ine 30 km yave anobviswa chose. Zvisinei, vagari vanoti kuti vachakwanisa kuuya shure mumazuva matatu. Patova matatu, asi kurarama kumucheto Pripyat uye paChernobyl, havana kugona kwete.

simba Soviet akanga zvakasimba chinyararire nezvokuti pakati kuputika reactor, pamusoro izvi nhau, uye matauriro haana, ipapo nyika yose vaipemberera May 1 - Labor Day.

Kubviswa nezvinozoitika. Hapana anoziva magamba

Kubvisa migumisiro yacho tsaona uye kuti "chisimbiso" yacho reactor yakamiswa basa raikosha, vane nhengo akasarudza kusiyira ari reactor chinokosha musanganiswa mutobvu uye Boron tubhokisi dilomitov mari. Mazuva gumi gare gare, hombe contingent emauto akasvika 30-kiromita mapazi, kuitira kudzivisa kupinda pakati zvavo pamwe navo vakasvika pano masayendisiti uye liquidators yacho tsaona.

Mugore rokutanga gore nhamba vashandi zvashata yasvika vanhu vanoda kusvika 300 zviuru. Kusvikira nguva yedu nhamba liquidators vakasimuka 600 zviuru vanhu. Vanhu vakashanda majana, nekuti vakanga vasingagoni refu kutsungirira nemwaranzi, kuruboshwe vamwe, uye panzvimbo yavo vakauya zvitsva. Nevamwe zvachose wakaparadzwa reactor yenyukireya, kwakasarudzwa kuvaka pamusoro pavo vanonzi "sarcophagus". Yokutanga sarcophagus yakavakwa mazuva 206 uye rakapedzwa muna November 1986.

Kwerinenge gore rokubata chiitiko ichi. The paChernobyl njodzi anozivikanwa munyika yose, asi liquidators zhinji vasingazivikanwi. Haisi vatambi, kwete yakajeka ruzhinji vakakurumbira vanoridza pachikuva nyepera ushingi uye kwamachinda. Ndivo magamba chaivo vakaita zvose kuderedza huwandu radioactive kusvibiswa kure sezvinobvira. Vakavapa hwavo akatiponesa.

World pachena maitiro

The paChernobyl njodzi (mapikicha zvinogona kuonekwa munyaya) nokukurumidza pakuzivikanwa munyika; nyika European akaona refu kwevari nemwaranzi, akaridza aramu, uye chokwadi chakaziviswa. Mushure nyika akadzidza paChernobyl njodzi, simba renyukireya chirimwa kuvaka rave rakada kumira munyika dzakawanda. The United States uye Western Europe pamberi 2002 havana kuvakwa chero renyukireya simba chirimwa. Masayendisiti munyika yose vane kushanda nzira simba zvinyorwa. Nenguva USSR pamberi tsaona zvakanzi akaronga kuvaka 10 yakadaro simba zvinomera dzakawanda dzimwe reactors kare kushanda pazviteshi, asi urongwa zvose avharwa kubva nezvezviitiko 26 April. The paChernobyl njodzi yakaratidza sei zvinouraya zvinogona atomu "rugare".

chokudzingwa mapazi

Kunze Pripyat yakasiyiwa uye mazana nemisha duku. 30-kiromita mapazi akapoteredza chiteshi vakatanga kunzi "chokudzingwa wongoramba." Heavy pakusvibiswa nharaunda yose pasi 200 km. Most sei, Zhytomyr uye Kyiv nharaunda, Ukraine, uye muna Belarus - Gomel Oblast muRussia - Bryansk nharaunda. Maronda nemwaranzi akawanikwa kunyange Finland, Norway uye Sweden, kunyanya masango sei.

Nhamba kutambura nekenza pashure kukundikana achitsoropodza kwakawedzera. Most akatanga kutambura nekenza thyroid, inoti raparadza nemwaranzi rokutanga.

Vanachiremba vakatanga kutaura nezvokuti vana vanoberekwa nevabereki munyika idzodzo vanotambura pakupona uye kunotouraya. Somuenzaniso, muna 1987 paiva yatanga Down syndrome.

The mberi njodzi paChernobyl

Mushure nyika akadzidza paChernobyl tsaona, izvozvo ndarega kushanda nokuda ngozi simba mwaranzi pakusvibiswa. Asi pashure pemakore mashomanana okutanga uye wechipiri simba zvakare vakatanga basa ravo, uye gare gare raparurwa simba rechitatu.

Muna 1995 kwakasarudzwa kuti zvechigarire dzima simba chechitima. Zvichitevera hurongwa ichi, muna 1996 iye akamira parutivi wokutanga Unit, muna 1999 - wechipiri, uye pakupedzisira ravarwi yakavharwa muna 2000.

Basa rakatanga makore mashoma gare gare mutongo nehurumende kuvaka sarcophagus itsva, sezvo kubva pakutanga nemigumisiro nemwaranzi hazvisi zvakakwana inodzivirira kwezvakatipoteredza. Saka, muna 2012 hurumende Ukrainian yave yaratidza pachena kuti vakatotanga basa iri rokuvaka itsva inodzivirira marongerwo. Inofanira chisimbiso Unit zvachose, uye, maererano masayendisiti, radioactivity harizopfuuri nomunyika madziro sarcophagus itsva. Construction rinofanira kupedzwa 2018, uye zvinofungidzirwa mari chirongwa ichi kunonzi anopfuura mabhiriyoni 2 US emadhora.

Muna 2009, hurumende Ukrainian kwakasimbiswa chirongwa kupedza decontamination yemapurisa, uyo achatora nzvimbo mumatanho mana. Yokupedzisira danho zvichazadziswa ne 2065. Panguva ino zviremera vanoda chose dzokurasa zvisaririra zvose pamberi pamusoro nzvimbo paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa.

ndangariro

April 26 neimwe gore inodavirwa Memorial Day pamusoro paChernobyl nenjodzi. Ndangariro liquidators uye vanobatwa tsaona iri vairemekedza kwete chete Kishi, asiwo munyika Western Europe zhinji. In France, muna Paris, pedyo Eiffel Tower pazuva vakaita chiitiko diki apo vanhu misoro yavo pamberi heroism pamusoro vemoto.

Ose April 26 zvikoro vanoitisa mashoko awa, izvo kuudza vanhu njodzi yakaipisisa uye vanhu vakanga akaponesa nyika. Vana verenga nhetembo pamusoro paChernobyl njodzi. Vadetembi vatsaurire magamba avo rawa uye vakapukunyuka, kumisa nemwaranzi chepfu, uyewo zviuru chero vanhu vasina mhosva vave vakawirwa netsaona.

Kuyeukwa paChernobyl tsaona ndiyo hwaro vakawanda anonzi uye chinhu mafirimu. Mafirimu kwete chete mumhuri kugadzira, vazhinji vatorwa Studios uye vatungamiriri pachena mabasa ake paChernobyl dambudziko.

The paChernobyl njodzi rine nzvimbo nechepakati iri munhevedzano mitambo, "Stalker", uye anoshumira rangano kuti gumi uri enganonyorwa zvakafanana zita.
Most ichangopfuura, asi paChernobyl tsaona aiva nemakore 30 okuberekwa, asi nemigumisiro njodzi pamusoro pamakore havasati zvabviswa, asi kuora vamwe zvinhu vacharamba kwezviuru zvemakore. tsaona ichi acharangarirwa nyika sendarama monstrous simba tsaona munhau.