Armenian Kuurayiwa 1915: kunokonzera. Armenian Kuurayiwa 1915: migumisiro. Nhoroondo Armenian Kuurayiwa 1915

Turkish yaiurayiwa vokuArmenia muna 1915, sangano iri nharaunda hweOttoman Empire, aiva mumwe kupfuura zvinotyisa zvakaitika panguva yake. Vamiririri dzemadzinza vashoma vakasungwa, panguva iyo mazana ezviuru kana kuti kunyange mamiriyoni evanhu akafa (zvichienderana inofungidzirwa). Mushandirapamwe uyu nokuti kuparadzwa pakati Armenian kwevanhu ava kuzivikanwa nenyika dzakawanda dzenyika munharaunda. In Turkey pacharo havabvumirani Pfungwa iyi.

prerequisites

At mukanyiwa nokuurayiwa uye kubudiswa muna hweTurkey aiva chinokonzera siyana uye zvikonzero. Armenian Kuurayiwa muna 1915 kwaiva kuchikonzerwa dzisakarurama nezvenzvimbo vokuArmenia uye vemadzinza Turkish ruzhinji nyika. Population vazvidzisa kwete chete pane National asiwo zvavanotenda. VokuArmenia vaiva vaKristu uye aiva chechi voga. The vokuTurkey vari Sunnis.

In asiri vaMuslim vemo aiva mamiriro dhimmi. Vanhu vanokundwa tsanangudzo iyi, havana kodzero kutakura zvombo uye mudare sezvo zvapupu. Vaifanira kubhadhara dzakakwirira mitero. VokuArmenia, kazhinji kacho, vaiva varombo. Vari kunyanya kuita hwokurima dzavakaberekerwa. Zvisinei, pakati Turkish ruzhinji akanga rinoparadzirwa kufanana nevechiduku kubudirira uye rokunyengedza ane Armenian achitengesa, uye zvichingodaro. D. kunotoda idzi chete kuwedzera ruvengo vagari ichi dzinza vashoma. Ukama izvi kunzwisisa inogona kuenzaniswa kwakapararira Anti-Semitism munyika nguva zhinji.

Mugore Caucasian mumatunhu hweOttoman Empire, zvinhu zvanyanyoipa, uye nokuda kuti idzi pashure pehondo pamwe Russia zapolonyayut vapoteri vaMuslim, uyo, nekuti kwavo varombo magariro kuramba kupinda yavairwisana veko vokuArmenia. Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi Turkish nenzanga iri fevered mamiriro. Zvakanga rakatogadzirira kukasaitwa Armenian Kuurayiwa (1915). The zvinokonzera dambudziko iri rakadzika vagadzirisane uye noruvengo pakati pavanhu vaviri. Zvinodiwa aiva sesasaradzi kuti ingadai akanomutsa moto hombe.

The War World First

Somugumisiro pokuchinja zvombo 1908 hweOttoman Empire akauya simba, bato İttihat ( "Union uye Progress"). Nhengo dzayo pachavo rinonzi Young vokuTurkey. Hurumende itsva yakanga pakarepo kutsvaka dzematongerwe iro tinogona kuvaka yavo mamiriro. Hwaro rakagamuchirwa kubva Pan-Turkism uye Turkish urudzi - pfungwa kuti havabvumirwi hapana chakanaka vokuArmenia uye mamwe madzinza vashoma.

Muna 1914, hweOttoman Empire panogasa yayo nemaitiro matsva dzaiumbwa kubatana pamwe Kaiser raMwari Germany. Maererano chibvumirano, marudzi vakabvuma kupa kuenda Caucasus, Turkey, apo vanhu vakawanda Muslim akararama. Asi imwe nharaunda vaiva vaKristu uye vokuArmenia.

With panopindwa muTurkey muna World Vokutanga Hondo yakatanga uye kutambudzwa wokutanga pamusoro zvose nevasiri maMoziremu, kusanganisira kukumbira pfuma kuna ehurumende. Panguva iyoyowo zviremera yakazivisa imwe jihad - hondo tsvene pamusoro infidels. Above dhimmis vakatanga kuunganidza vanotyisa makore. Zvisingadzoreki pedyo Armenian Kuurayiwa (1915), zvinokonzera yatiri munyaya nyaya yedu.

chokutanga umhondi

Apo hweTurkey akanga chete akapinda Hondo Yenyika Vokutanga kurutivi Germany, ari kuunganidza akaziviswawo munyika. Pasi kudanwa vakauya uye Armenian varume. Mauto avo vari kunyanya mune achirwa Persia uye Russia. Asi kubva pakutanga vokuTurkey vakatanga kutambura inokosha kukundwa pamusoro fronts zvose. A chakakomba kurwadzisa Istanbul aiva kukundwa iri hondo sarikamish muna December 1914 - January 1915. Zviremera ipapo mhosva, nekuti icho Russian Imperial Army kubudirira mubvunzo. Chokwadi, vaiva vokuArmenia.

Atova February, vanobudisa zvombo mauto kuti nyika. Kuburikidza kutatira kwakaitika pamusoro zviuru zana vanhu. Zvino kuurayiwa wokutanga kwemarudzi chikonzero. varwi Armenian, uyo asingadi kuteerera murayiro, unceremoniously kunyimwa upenyu. Kunaka vakatambudzwa. Nerunyerekupe zvombo akavhiringika seeped muna Istanbul, apo vose nhepfenyuro kuparadzira mashoko vatengesi uye vasori. Akanga asiri Armenian yaiurayiwa 1915, uye ayo kuvhurira.

kubudiswa

Yokufananidzira nokuti yose nyika kwava musi April 24, 1915. The Armenian Kuurayiwa nhasi inobatanidzwa zuva rino (somuenzaniso, riri kuonekwa zuva okurangaridza vanobatwa rudzi kuArmenia). It chokuita ipapo nezviitiko Istanbul. April 24, 1915 akatanga kusungwa uye akabva atora Armenian vaiva vepamusoro guru hweOttoman Empire. Chiitiko ichi chakanga mureza yakafanana neiya munyika.

Kunyange asati zvakaitika Istanbul kubudiswa vakanga pasi Armenian vagari Frontline enyika. Zviremera vakavadzinga pasi chokumupomera kuti kwemahofisi kunzvimbo dzakachengeteka. Kutaura zvazviri, vanhu vakatumirwa murenje, uko vari massively kufa nenyota, nzara, uye rinotyisa nderemagariro. Izvi zvakaitwa zvinechinangwa. Panzendo dzakadaro dzakanga zvikurukuru vakatuma vakadzi, vana uye vakwegura - vanhu vakanga vasingagoni kumira pachavo. Varume vakasungwa pachine kudzivisa chero yakarongwa nemishonga.

Muna May, vanhu Armenian Kuurayiwa muna 1915 rakafukidza nzvimbo tsindirana yakagara vanhu Anatolia - nharaunda iri kure yemitambo remapazi. Zvino, hurumende haina kunyange anobata kumeso Resettlement. Zvisinei, pakazosvika nguva flywheel kuti udzvanyiriri watopiwa akasimudzira, uye munyika danidziro akatora aval.

April navapfumbamwe muna Van Armenian rokumukira yakagundika. Residents, achiziva chii chakavamirira panguva iri kubudiswa, akatora zvombo. Vakatumirwa nezviremera vachirwa hondo Turkish mberi kwemwedzi. VokuArmenia akamirira pakasvika mauto Russian, uyo akaponesa kubva nokukurumidza rufu zvavo. Panguva kuzvidzivirira hondo uye vachiurayiwa yakapfuura kwebope upenyu vakarasika anenge makumi mashanu nezvishanu namazana vokuArmenia. Mumazana kuparadzwa kworudzi hweOttoman Empire aiva mashoma kudaro guru anogoverana vekusateerera. Turkish zviremera akashandisa mashoko pamusoro pavo sezvo uchapupu amutengesa uye kuvavenga vokuArmenia.

The apogee Anti-Armenian pamushandirapamwe

May 26 Gurukota Internal Affairs hweOttoman Empire, Talaat Pasha agadzirira mutemo mutsva, maererano izvo kudzingwa vaifanira kuva pasi vaya vasingabvumirani nehurumende mitemo. Muna June, iye akarayira pokubudiswa munyika vokuArmenia zvose kubva mumatunhu kumabvazuva anenge gumi munyika. Chimwe chirongwa akanga kunoitwa mitemo mishomanana. Maererano mirairo, simba iri nomumwe munzvimbo nhamba vokuArmenia vaifanira kuderedzwa 10% kubva navamwe vaMuslim vemo. Uyezve, dzinza vashoma rambidzwa kuvhura zvikoro zvavo uye misha yavo itsva vaifanira kuva panguva yakawanda kure nomumwe.

In July kudzingwa vakambundirana vokumadokero mapurovhinzi uye nokudaro kupararira kune yose hweTurkey. Chikonzero Armenian Kuurayiwa April 24, 1915 uye yakatevera yaiva pani-Turkic wokuti nezviremera. Zvisinei, muguta guru uye maguta makuru akawanda munyika havana kudaro akakura. Rakanga chokuita chokwadi chokuti hurumende vakatya mbirikira yokumwe venhau vaigara Istanbul, Izmir, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Umhondi panguva kubudiswa dzakatangwa. Mukuwedzera, vazhinji vokuArmenia vakafa ezvinhu akaipisisa mugwagwa kana mumisasa yevasungwa. Pave paya, Turkish dare akapa uchapupu hwokuti vakuru vakaita zvokurapa kwakaita Nhengo dzemadzinza vashoma. Ivo, kunyanya, kuti edza mushonga pamusoro typhus. Zviuru vokuArmenia vakanga kufa zuva nezuva kubva padanda uye kushungurudzwa magondo harashari namapurisa.

vakakuvadzwa

Nhasi pane dzakawanda akasiyana zvachose kumushora mazano kuti vanhu vazhinji vakaurayiwa uye vakakuvara panguva hweOttoman zviitiko makore iwayo. Nhoroondo 1915 Armenian kwevanhu kuramba akadzidza akasiyana mumayunivhesiti pasi pose. Open zvinyorwa, kuongorora uchapupu.

Somuenzaniso, muna August 1915, mumwe vatungamiri Young vokuTurkey, Enver Pasha akanga achitaura pamusoro zviuru 300 vokuArmenia vakaparara. German AIRWIRA KODZERO Johannes Lepsius, vakaperekedza yake kuongorora zviri kuitika chamhungwe, yakabereka akawanda vhidhiyo kuunganidza. Akataura dimikira miriyoni imwe akafa. Lepsius munhau yose yaiurayiwa vokuArmenia yakanga vakaongorora muna 1915. Zvikurukuru, akati kuti vanhu vanenge zviuru 300 vakanga nechisimba vatendeukira Islam.

ongororo Modern anoratidza zvakasiyana-siyana nenhamba. Somuenzaniso, muna Turkey, mamwe mabhuku vanoti vanenge 200 zviuru akafa, asi Armenian pakadhindwa vanoti mamiriyoni 2. Uye, somuenzaniso, yakakurumbira enisaikoropidhiya "Britannica" haapi nokufungidzira yakarurama, kuomerera navanopinda chaizvo zvinobva 600 zviuru mamiriyoni 1,5 vakaurayiwa. Heunoi ari April 1915 ...

Armenian Kuurayiwa uye zvose zvakaitika kuti nguva ane refu yapfuura. Zvakanditorera remakore icho akafa okupedzisira zvapupu utsinye. HweOttoman zviremera vachiri panguva yavo munyika uye umhondi rutsigiro nokungwarira kuraswa chero magwaro, mirairo yakanyorwa uye kumwewo, vakakoniwa zvakakwana kutonga zvakaitika. izvi zvose pamwe chete kunounza matambudziko akadaro nokufungidzira siyana.

Chekutonga uto muTurkey

Pasinei nokuedza hweOttoman zviremera kuvhara mhosva yavo, mashoko pamusoro kubudiswa uye mukanyiwa pamutemo kuurayiwa zviri zvavo vakatanga achigarira maoko kunze. Nechekare muna May 1915, mubatanidzwa wemauto airwisa Germany of Entente (Britain, France, uye Russia) akasaina okuzivisa pamwe iyo akadana Istanbul chichiita repressions pamusoro wayo kwevanhu. Chokwadi, izvi mashoko kana kuti pasina.

Revaluation tsaona muTurkey kwakaitika chete muna 1918, apo nyika yakakundwa Munyika War First. Istanbul aitoita nemauto omubatanidzwa, uye vokutanga vanhu nehurumende yaivapo pachine vakatiza nyika. Ndivo Young vokuTurkey, uyo akaita zvemauto akabvuta chigaro muna 1908 uye kudare nyika yake Hondo Yenyika I kudivi Germany.

Zvino dzairwisa pamusoro Kodzero Kumukundi akabvunza imwe kuongorora kuti chii chakaita yaiurayiwa vokuArmenia nokuda hweOttoman zviremera zvitsva (1915). Zvikonzero kare, zvinyorwa kupona - zvose anonyatsoongororwa panguva chekutonga vakatanga basa rayo muna December 1918 (kuti pachine mwedzi mishoma muedzo wake akabata basa hurumende). Zvinonzi vakaratidza kuti kupondwa vanhuwo zvavo zvavakaita nenzira yakarongeka, inova yemarudzi hondo mhosva.

The chikuru honzeri yacho tsaona vave kuzivikanwa: Talaat Pasha (vaimbova Interior Minister uye Grand Vizier), Enver Pasha (mumwe vatungamiri Young vokuTurkey), uye Djemal Pasha (uyewo bato wamambo). Ava vatatu, apo mune simba, akasika ndibatsireiwo triumvirate uye akatora zvose zvakakosha mamiriro zvisarudzo. The Tribunal akatongerwa rufu asipo, sezvo ivo vakatiza nyika pamusoro avaida pakuonekwa Entente mauto Istanbul.

"Operation Nemesis"

The Zvinosiririsa Armenian Kuurayiwa (1915), zvinokonzera uye zvinokonzerwa dzave ngarira mudare, kwemakore akawanda, yakadzokorora munyika yose. Muna 1919, Congress vakapfuura "Dashnaktsutiun" iri achangobva yakazvimirira Armenia. Izvi mubato Armenian kwakaita pasi mazana mazita evanhu vakanga huru initiators uye executors kuti udzvanyiriri pamusoro vokuArmenia muna hweTurkey.

Kutaura zvazviri, panguva Congress of "Dashnaktsutiun" vakazivisa chirongwa kuti kutsiva honzeri National nenjodzi. Kunyange zvazvo panguva iyoyo munyika Istanbul uye akashanda chekutonga kuti akashora vatungamiriri Young vokuTurkey, vakakwanisa kuzorangwa. Yerevan vakaramba dzepamutemo nzira tinorwisana vaishungurudza rudzi. Zvakatanga kuronga kupondwa vanhu zvinobatanidzwa raparadza mazita bato. Mushandirapamwe akanzi "Operation Nemesis" (kurevatska Nemesis - rechiGiriki mwarikadzi rokutsiva).

Munguva kubva muna 1918 kusvika 1922. vakawanda functionaries hweOttoman hurumende vakaurayiwa, akaparirwa yaiurayiwa vokuArmenia (1915). Zvikonzero akanga zvakurukurwa nomukuru dare Turkish uye mhosva matsotsi - zvakaratidza. Kunyange zvazvo "Dashnaktsutyun" kurovedzera kuita kwavo hatiripe, vachingoita akataura kuti chete kuita pamutemo sarudzo dzemarudzi dare.

Kupondwa vatungamiri Young vokuTurkey

March 15, 1921 muBerlin Armenian soghomon tehlirian pamberi pezvapupu zvizhinji vakauraya Talaat Pasha, uyo akavanda Europe pasi vaifungidzira zita. Mhondi pakarepo asungwa nemapurisa eGermany. vakatanga kutongwa. Tehlirian zvakazvipira kudzivirira zvakanakisisa magweta muGermany. Masero kwakatungamirira kwazvo ruzhinji resonance. Panguva hearings vakanga zvakare vataura zvakawanda zvinhu zviri Armenian Kuurayiwa muna hweTurkey. Tehlirian sensationally kurangwa. Pashure paizvozvo, akanga vachienda kuUnited States, uko akafa muna 1960.

Chimwe chikuru waitirwa "Operation Nemesis" raiva Djemal Pasha, uyo akaurayiwa muna Tbilisi muna 1922. Mugore iroro mumwe nhengo triumvirate pakati Enver akaurayiwa panguva vachirwa Red Army muna Tajikistan ano. Akatizira Central Asia, apo vamwe nguva yave chinoshingaira mukwikwidzi Basmach kufamba.

pamutemo kurapwa

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti shoko rokuti "rudzi" akazviratidza pamutemo duramazwi refu pashure zvinorondedzerwa. Shoko yakabuda muna 1943, uye raireva kupondwa vaJudha yeNazi zviremera zvenyika Third Reich. Papera makore mashomanana, izwi wagadzirirwa maererano kugungano pamutemo richangobva akasika United Nations. Zvakazoitika muna hweTurkey, aigamuchirwa yaiurayiwa vokuArmenia muna 1915. Zvikurukuru, wakaitwa ne European Paramende United Nations.

Muna 1995, ivo hwokuuraya vokuArmenia muna hweTurkey sezvo rudzi zvakazivikanwa muna Russian Federation. Nhasi, ndiye maonero pamwe chete na vazhinji US rinoti, anenge dzose Europe uye South America. Asi kunewo nyika umo vachiramba Armenian Kuurayiwa (1915). Zvikonzero, muna pfupi, muri enyika. Pakutanga ari pamazita nyika idzi Turkey ano uye Azerbaijan.