Chii Middle Ages, kworudzii yaitonga? Middle Ages: tsanangudzo, nguva nemiganhu uye periodization

"Middle Ages" - shoko sezvaari nguva pava paya, ivo akaratidza. zvakanga Pakutanga akatanga, kuti tizive nguva yakaoma kurambidzwa zvose zvakaiswa chokuita kare. Izvi kwaiva nguva yakatevera pokuwa Western hweRoma, uye kusvikira pakutanga Renaissance, kana kufarira muRoma yekare uye Greece rakamuka nesimba rakawedzerwa.

Time mapuranga siyana

Zvinonzi chete anenge VI uye XVI emakore, uye mireniyumu ichi vanonzi Middle Ages. Asi, chokwadi, chaiyo timeframe kuMiddle Ages havana dzatangwa. Opinions chaizvo. It akadana uye kuguma XVII remakore, nekuti mushure mokuparara Constantinople muna 1453 (rimwe kumuganhu Middle Ages magumo), navaduku anoputsa vaiva mumwe pashure chimwe chiitiko chikuru, kupa rusununguko kune vanhu. Uye mumwe nomumwe wavo ave mumwe boka Vanyori ndiwo musi kuguma "nguva rima", kunyange zvazvo iri izwi zvikuru zvakakodzera aremekedzwe Early uye Ages. By chinokosha misi zvinosanganisira kuwanikwa America (1492) uye kutanga Reformation (kundorwa kufanira yeKaturike), kwakakonzerwa 1517. Izvi zvakateverwa ari Chirungu chimurenga, kuguma Yemakore Makumi Matatu War, Rugare Westphalia uye kuenzana kodzero nevaPurotesitendi. Uye rimwe nerimwe yenhamo zviitiko izvi muna Europe kunoonekwa sechinhu zvichibvira modievistami wokupedzisira timeframe kuMiddle Ages.

Zvikoro - akasiyana nemaonero

Representatives modievistiki vakadzidza vainyanya nhoroondo European Middle Ages, uye pashure zviitiko zvakafanana kwakaitika Russia, uye zvakare, muna Asia, Africa, pachena chete America. Pakati masayendisiti pane vatsigiri refu Middle Ages. In nezvedzidziso avo kwakavakirwa mashoko zvizere pamusoro vachinje zvikuru akaturikidzana zvose vanhu zvachose kwevanhu. Kuvamba ano vanoona kutanga French Revolution. Hakuna chibvumirano panyaya pakutanga nguva ino. Mu "History of Mankind" - Encyclopedic UNESCO shanduro - muganhu pakati nyika yekare neMiddle Ages chokuita nguva kuwedzera Islam. Zviri pachena, musayendisiti wose ane kodzero maonero avo.

Kuwanda kwakaita pfungwa

Saka chii chiri "Middle Ages"? Zviri, maererano nemitemo munhoroondo yevanhu, pfupi, yaisanganisira zvakawanda. Zvakasiyana-siyana zvokukura kukura vanhu, pakanga chitendero chitsva uye nyika, akazarura makondinendi vakaberekerwa uye masayendisiti penya, akachinja maonero enyika uye nesayenzi zvavo, pakava "yokutama vazhinji." Zviri pachena, mumwe chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda pfungwa yakadaro inofanira kuonekwa ndege siyana. Nokuti, chokwadi, vakapiwa sei utsinye vakaita Raibvunzurudza zvoutsinye woutsinye izvozvo kunyange kuchiratidza kuparadzana, kuguma nguva ino inofanira kukurukurwa sevakaenzana kodzero kuti vamiririri zvitendero zvakasiyana, kwete pakuonekwa ounyanzvi of Renaissance shasha.

Twins

Chii Ages? Muchidimbu, unonakidza akafanana - nguva nhoroondo kukura vanhu pakati kare (nyika yekare) uye nguva New. Chimwe chinhu, apo Antiquity mativi uye nguva New dzinotanga. Mumwe nhoroondo Danho ane yayo socio-zvoupfumi: Antiquity - uranda, Ages - feudal, ano - the capitalist. The nguva furemu kuMiddle Ages muEurope, uye kwete chete uwirirane feudalism zvachose, uye pano, somuenzaniso, kuRussia, ake zvisaririra vakaparadzwa muna October 1917. Mune dzimwe nyika, kuti residual migumisiro feudalism vasina kukunda kudaro kure. Uye pamusoro Europe maonero akasiyana vatsvakurudzi. Zvinonzi nharo kuti kwenguva refu, Ages vanhu vaiva vazhinji hurongwa, uye munyaya dzose. Zviri pachena kuti chaiva chokwadi, nokuti hapana kuchinja chikwata idzodzo kuitika.

The kwaita pfungwa

A zvakafanana shanduro ndechokuti chidzoke, kutonga nokuwedzera feudalism - ndiyo nguva yeMiddle Ages. Zvino izwi pachayo wakatangwa Italian kwevanhu (semuenzaniso, Flavio Biondo), uyo akatungamirira chikuru nesimba nokuda kumutsidzirwa dzenhoroondo Latin. Vakaita yakadana nguva risati nguva yavo uye unoparadzanisa kubva airemekedzwa kare, okuti svikiro aevum, vachiridza se "Iu kwavari aeuim", iro rinoreva "pakati zera". Pasinei nezera pfupi pamusoro avhareji nguva tichienzanisa kuvapo zvenyika yekare, dzakasiyana nguva yaro hunomusiyanisa nevamwe zvinhu zvaiva hwokuzvarwa, uye saka pane periodization kuMiddle Ages.

kudiwa periodization

Chinhu 12-kupesana yokunyika nhoroondo kutonga pamusoro chidimbu kupinda zvikuru zvitatu nguva. Rinoreva kekutanga, Munotatamura kubva kumagumo kwezana remakore kusvika pakati V XI, uye inonzi mangwanani Ages. Classic, kana kuti High Middle Ages, akauya pakarepo pashure yapfuura Danho (XI remakore) uye vakaipedza ari XIV remakore. Gare gare, kugumisa yeMiddle Ages, zviri kunzi Early New nguva. nguva yake - XIV-XVI emakore. The historiography of XX remakore yachinja zvikuru pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu chikoro French, yakaumbwa kumativi magazini "muNhoroondo," ane rukudzo uye ainzi. pfungwa dzavo "refu Ages." kwakatangwa

Maitiro zviri Early Middle Ages

Kutanga yeMiddle Ages rinobatana chinokosha rokuwedzera nharaunda vokumadokero European budiriro unomuka. A maitiro chepfungwa Early yeMiddle Ages yava nokuumbwa inoti iri munharaunda Great Britain, France, Saxony, Russia. Panguva iyi, huchavapo vanenge 5 emakore, paiva "yokutama guru marudzi", iyo inobva nechisimba Huns kubva Asia kuna Eastern Europe, yaiva arikunze of Western hweRoma. Potesnenny Huns marudzi vakatamira kunyanya Gaul, Spain, Italy uye Dacia. Chimwe chiri ichi nhoroondo nguva ndiyo achichinja kubva muchihedheni chiKristu, vachitora nzvimbo pasi auspices yeRoma Katurike, ane basa nguva iyi zvakaoma kuona.

vechiFrank Empire

The Middle Ages - ndiwo kutonga yechechi. Yakanga chinoumba Western budiriro, iye vakaungana vanhu kumativi pacharo, uye zvakare waiva muzinda tsika. Vakaisa uye Ukama itsva okuwana - pane feudalism, iyo inobva kutonga makuru yagara pfuma. Hatigoni kutaura pamusoro pemavambo hurumende iyi mafranc, izvo anotonga Carolingian hwedzinza, izvo, Rinomiririra Karl Veliky, dzibatane ndima, kuuya kukura kusvika nzvimbo yaigara Western hweRoma. Ponesai umambo uhwu uye vakakundikana. Nokuti Early Middle Ages zvavo kunoratidzwa variability pamiganhu yomuka States. Zvose zviri nedanho dzidzo uye inotungamirwa. Tanga kukudziridza zvimwe mabhuku kuitika - Early Middle Ages yaiva yendarama nguva yokuti chidzoke ari umhare yakakura. Kazhinji, "kuMiddle Ages" - ". Rwiyo Nibelungs" munhu "Lay" uye French "Rwiyo Roland", Spanish "The Poem of Cid" uye German Saka nguva havana chaizvo "rima".

Hondo uye nokumukirana sezvo Motors mberi

Zita rinotevera kutotanga - "mukuru", "zimbabwe", "vakuru" Middle Ages - anoti iyi yakapera uye rikabudirira (uye saka kupfuura zvibereko) zvose zvakatanga muna yapfuura nguva. Pakupedzisira kuumbwa feudal ukama, kusimbisa musimboti simba, kuti aumbe kirasi-mumiririri umambo (apo vamiririri makirasi siyana muchirongwa drafting kwemitemo). Nguva ino akanga chete yake kuri Maitiro - vari kutanga kubuda parliaments uye mapato ezvematongerwe enyika. Not wakarega nguva ino, divi uye ropa feuds. Dzikauraya kota munyika dynastic muhondo Roses, kana chikamu vemo, nhengo vakatendeka genera Plantagenet, Lancaster, kuuraya Vatsigiri York, kureva, Britain vakaparadza British. Chimwe pachena kuchiitwa ichi nguva ndiyo murimi mudiki kumukirana, akadai Dzhona Bolla uye Wat Tyler mu England.

Ages mapurani pfuma

Chii Ages? Uyu mapurani huru chinayo kuti zvitaera mana - "Carolingian Renaissance" (zita raitonga youmambo pakati vechiFrank umambo), Ottonian Art (nokuda mumiririri Saxon youmambo pamusoro Otto I), Romanesque uye Gothic zvekunyanyisa. Ichatonga zvine mbiri yokupedzisira, iro dzakatangira France muna XII remakore, chete akauya mukunopera Middle Ages. MuEurope, vakapararira mienzaniso mapurani zvitaera anoshamisa. A "Gothic" - Kazhinji runako dzeEurope, bhizimisi rayo kadhi. Cologne Cathedral (1248-1437), Notre-Dame de Paris (1163-1437), Gothic machechi uye machechi Prague - vanogona kuti enzanisa uyu hazvinzwisisiki runako. Havasi muduku napaduku kune ounyanzvi of Renaissance.

Zvinotyisa of Dark Ages

Chii Ages? This Nzara Great, denda denda, kana Black Death, kuti Raibvunzurudza, ropa makrusedhi uye Jacquerie - antifeudal guru kumukira pamusoro French varimi (Zhakov-suckers) muna 1358. Zvisinei, zvapedzisira Middle Ages, uye chinonziwo Early New nguva, kureva, akatanga akurumidze kukura pazvinhu - akakura guta simba, yakatanga rwokugadzira, mucheche gadzira, kutengeserana kuwedzera. Paiva kuchinja kukuru mune zvemagariro, tsika, zvesayenzi uye enyika noupenyu Europe. Zviri kuderera kwebasa raPapa - chinoumba yokuMiddle Ages. Kuchinja idzodzo yakabereka kusvika asingazivikanwe ukuru nesimba kumukira rezasi strata chavagari - Dutch kumukira Guru murimi mudiki War muGermany.

The chinyakare kunzwisisa

Munguva yedu, iyo periodization kuMiddle Ages, akatsunga kufungisisa specificities mumwe nyika, asiwo kuziva chokwadi kuti mune fomu rimwe kana mumwe muitiro uyu kare kunoitika inoti zvose zvenyika. Naizvozvo, pane nguva hapana chaicho puranga. XVII remakore - imwe nguva apo feudal ukama tava zvisingachashandi, uye anotanga kuberekwa capitalism.

Asi kwakanga dambudziko wakauya pamusoro XV remakore - nzara, zvirwere zvinotyisa, utsinye pakati Raibvunzurudza, kuumba kujeka, sokunge kupendwa kubudikidza Ieronima Boskha, uye chokuita Middle Ages. Naizvozvo, kazhinji pasi tsanangudzo yeMiddle Ages, vanowira haasi mabasa makuru mabhuku uye mapurani, zvakawanikwa makuru, uye moto, izvo vakapisa vatsauki, kusanganisira Giordano Bruno, kutyisa chena chifukidzo ane refu muromo, iyo akaenda vanachiremba mumigwagwa tsvina Achinetseka maguta. Nepo vokuEurope haasati kushambidzwa. Naizvozvo, kwenguva refu "Ages" kwakafanana nounhu hwakadai so "gobvu", "shure", "scored."