Chii reactor yenyukireya

Mashoko "reactor yenyukireya" zvino yaizivikanwa zvose, Chokwadi, kuva chiratidzo panguva. Pasinei dzingangouya yokushandisa mano zvakadaro, muna chiedza Kuparadzwa nyika mafuta reserves reactors mafuta yenyukireya vari vaizotibata chaizvo.

A reactor yenyukireya ane injiniya mudziyo, umo maitiro rinodzorwa fission pamusoro fissile mwaranzi inopisa, aine kusunungurwa simba. Chinangwa chikuru - chizvarwa magetsi (simba renyukireya miti - NPP), uye kuwana rinorema fissile zvemamiriro periodic table (kutendeuka). reactor Yokutanga yenyukireya ikaungana ndokuiswa kushanda muna 1942 muUnited States pasi kutarisira inozvikudza yefizikisi nguva yake - Enrique Fermi. Makore matatu pashure ayo reactor vatanga Canada, uye muna 1946 - Russian.

Tinoona imwe inokosha: Vanhu vakawanda vasingazivi wenyaya, kazhinji tenda kuti reactor yenyukireya zvinowanisa magetsi zvakananga, uye ndizvo byproduct pamusoro radioactive fissile mafuta. Zvinosuruvarisa, izvi handizvo. Chaizvoizvo, mashoko reactor yenyukireya ari hita hombe, kana kwete "reboiler" paakaudza kupisa anosvikirwa kuti anoita inobatsira basa uye kugadzirwa magetsi achishandisa kwakajairika jenareta.

Kuti tipindure mibvunzo yakawanda, funga renyukireya reactor chikwata. Zvayakaita, chero reactor renyukireya inosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu:

- nechepakati achishingaira mapazi pamwe kutsanya Nyuturoni Sachigaro. Izvi ndipo fission kuita;

- rukoko kufungisisa neutrons. Zvakakodzera kuderedza kupinda pakati ionizing mwaranzi, uyewo kuvandudza kunyatsoshanda naro;

- nemwaranzi kudzivirirwa. Kazhinji, tungamirira nhoo;

- coolant. All kuitika yemashoko reactors chinhu chinokosha;

- tsvimbo kuzvidzora mudziyo nuclei kuora panguva kuita;

- kutonhora redunhu;

- the mashandiro ari kure kuzvidzora.

Nokuti mudzimu zvenyukireya reactors boilers vaishandisa inorema nesimbi - uranium exchange-233, 235 kana plutonium-239. Properties ose zvinhu izvi ndechokuti mumwe chairema nguva mabhomba yavo mamiriro kaviri vaingoerekana manyowa (kukamurwa). In iyi, iyo nuclei ari maatomu akasunungura neutrons. Atomu akarasika (vawana) Nyuturoni iri dzikwanise chimwe chinhu periodic table. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe zvamarudzi uranium exchange-Plutonium-238 rinogadzirirwa 239. Achirova pamusoro pedyo maatomu ari mafuta acho zviri, nemhaka yaro kumhanya kusunungurwa okuwedzera neutrons. Total kunowedzera kunoita - rinotanga ngetani maitiro fission. Kana panguva ino kuti varege kutora matanho pamusoro wayo murau, zvinoguma chinhu inondimukira renyukireya cheni maitiro, achiperekedzwa ane aval kusunungurwa yakawanda simba (kuputika zvenyukireya).

Kudzora kushandisa miviri nzira kunyorerana - Pakusuma kupinda chinoumba munhu Sachigaro iyo kunoderedza Nyuturoni kuzvidzora rinochengetedza kukwira dzifunge uye kupinda neuwandu kudzora tsvimbo (cadmium kana Boron) rokutora zvakawandisa neutrons.

Ari kuora kuti nuclei zvinowanisa kupisa, izvo rinopisa munhu achiparadzira kupisa kuchinjirwa Urume (mvura), zvinonzi dzikwanise chiutsi rotates munhu turbine uye remagetsi.

Izvi zvinokosha zano. Kune akasiyana siyana nawo. Somuenzaniso, mvura-coolant kungava dzinongoitika kana kufashaira zvaoma. The yokupedzisira zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuwana chaipisa chiutsi, kuwedzera kunyatsoshanda. Uyezve, mvura - kwete kubva coolant chete mhando (angava gasi kana imvura simbi). Uyewo, pane dzimwe shanduro reactors retardant haina kushandiswa.