Dambudziko - iri rechibvokopfopko kana eMweya? Kutonga kwaMwari kare uye neMiddle Ages

Kubvira kare, kana dare nyaya dzisina uchapupu pakati zvakasiyana avanhu aiva tsika kuvimba "mumaoko aMwari," kodzero kubhadharisa kana tuzvikonzero. Original nzira nako kuti vachipe "kutonga kwaMwari" aiva dambudziko - siyana nemiedzo, izvo guru kwazvo pasi. Uyezve, kwakavakirwa kubudirira kana kwete vakapfuura miedzo izvi kwekwainzi akutadzira, mutongi zvigopiwa mutongo wake, iyo yainzi kwaMwari.

Pfungwa yomuedzo

Ordalium mu Latin rinoreva "kutonga." Nokudaro, dambudziko - nzira kupomera mhosva zvekufamba akawanda ekare uye Ages rinoti, kwakavakirwa kuziva chokwadi kuburikidza "kutonga kwaMwari". Dambudziko iri kuongororwa kuti inogona kupfekwa sechinhu rokufananidzira uyewo mumuviri. Kazhinji, avo kunhaka Akaperekedzwa kunzwisisa tsika dzechitendero.

Development mudambudziko tsika

Pakutanga mutsekwende vaiva bilateral - vari zvakaenzana pasi bvunzo sezvo mhosva uye mupomeri. Zvakanga fanira mhiko vakanga zvakaitika bvunzo. Gare gare, muna kuMiddle Ages, nzira iyi yawedzera kuva munhu mumwe chete angoramba muedzo - Ndeupi vechikamu vaifanira ribude kubudikidza, akafunga dare, zvikuru zvose - kereke. Dambudziko zvakanga zvakakurumbira zvikuru panyaya vachipomerwa dzinotsaudza.

Kwokuzvidira mubasa paitongwa kazhinji akadanidzira chinzvimbo, iyo yakavakirwa achirwadziwa. Zvisinei, ichi, chaiva chirango pamusoro nguva. Kuti pati, izvo akaramba bvunzo, akapika kana zvakaipa pakupedzisira anodiwa zvikuru nedambudziko panyama, vanoparadzwa. Mukuwedzera, kubva mutsekwende zvaigona abhadhare, chinopa zvinokosha kushandisa iri muedzo nevapfumi.

Mudambudziko yekare marudzi

"Kutonga kwaMwari" yave iripo kubvira panguva yakare. Saka, mukuru hwakawanda huripo akanyorwa pamusoro penhoroondo mutemo - mitemo Hammurabi - rinotaura kuti kuidzwa mvura panguva rokuchengeta uroyi. Ani naani akapiwa, aifanira kusvetukira mumvura. Kana mvura iri "vaipinda" munhu, aionekwa mhosva uye donesshy nayo akaurayiwa nenhema.

Musimboti wacho "uchapupu Mwari" kunotaurwa Hindu yekare mitemo Manu. Pasi pavo chairehwa fungira mhiko uye mutsekwende. Izvi imhaka yokuti nemutadzi mabasa akaipa kuda kuvanza kana naMwari kana kubva pahana yake. MuIndia, panguva dzakasiyana, zvazikamwa maviri nemapfumbamwe achirwadziwa. Pakati pavo paiva nemhando miedzo yakadaro:

• Zviidzo (the kupomerwa zvakayerwa kaviri munguva pfupi, uye kana kechipiri uremu wake zvishoma - aionekwa mhosva);
• moto (mhosva aifanira kukurira rimwe kure, Kutakura rwake, wakaputirwa mashizha weumwe mhuri muti, nhindi dzvuku-inopisa, uye usaswedera Unopisa);
• mvura (the kupomerwa aifanira svetuka pasi mvura uye kugara ikoko chero uchida mumwe munhu kuunza museve pena kubva paakanga vhukutiva);
• muchetura (mhosva aifanira zvinobata uturu, uye zvichienderana nokuti worudzii aaiitawo Achanzwira yake muviri mushure imwe nguva, chisarudzo mhosva kana kwete);
• mvura tsvene (munhu anofanira kunwa mvura yakashandiswa kugeza chifananidzo mwari Kana pavhiki kana maviri, iye kana mhuri yake haina kurwara kana vakava vanhu chero njodzi, zvaaipomerwa wakasuduruka.);
• dhaiza (mhosva zvakakwidzwa kubva muchirongo rimwe maviri ivhu marozari, mukati inova mufananidzo yokufananidzira kana Chokwadi kana Nhema).

Mune States of China yekare mumuedzo aibvumirwa kutsenga tsama mupunga mbeu. Zvaidavirwa kuti mhosva mufaro pakaoma pakati mumuromo, akapfira kunze mbeu rakaoma.

Nhamo dzavanhu Europe

Nhoroondo Pfupi kodzero marudzi European rinewo anotaura zvakawanda tsika mutsekwende. Rakajairika nzira consummate "kutonga kwaMwari" kwaiva kuedza kubika uye mvura inotonhora, uyewo nesimbi inopisa.

Saka, yokupedzisira mhando aizivikanwa vekare vokuGermany. A zvakafanana Muedzo navo nesimbi inopisa zvakaburitswa kudikanwa ari kupomerwa kufamba pairi kana kuchengeta muruoko rwako. Pashure paizvozvo, kupisa nzvimbo bhandeji rakachena rakaiswa kubva Mucheka zvinenge zvakazara mafuta, iyo akapfurwa mumazuva matatu. On sei zvakanaka aporeswa kutsva, izvozvo kwaibva kana kupomerwa iri nemhosva.

MuEngland, achifamba pamusoro simbi aiva pachangu chinhu: nyaya yakanga kumeso vanofamba kuburikidza, hwuripo dzakaiswa kunze incandescent Plowshares.

The mutemo Salic Kunonziwo pakuongororwa kufashaira mvura. The mhosva aifanira kunyudza rwake kuva Poto mvura. mhosva yake iri ichizotongwa maronda yasara.

chokwadi Polish rine ruzivo pamusoro nhamo wemvura inotonhora. Chokuita dzimwe bvunzo kuti akasagona kuyangarara; Ari vakabatirira ake bhandi tambo iyo akanga asina kubvumirwa kunyura. Zvadaro, zana vanonzi akutadzira mumvura. Kana awana kushambira pachavo panguva imwecheteyo, waini zvaionekwa yakaonekwa kuti ndeyechokwadi.

MuRussia, nemiedzo yakafanana havana kunyanya nevakawanda. Vari chete kushandiswa zviitiko apo akasvika mhosva dzakaipisisa. Zvisinei, kazhinji, muitiro kwakaitika pamutemo kurwisana - zvakajairika chaizvo mune Russian munyika mutsekwende. bvunzo iyi yaishandiswa uye marudzi ose Western Europe, asi muRussia vakaungana kuitira kakawanda kuti dzimwe nguva zvaakaita uye chakatsiva uchapupu hwezvapupu.

Results miedzo izvi vaionekwa yokupedzisira, sezvakanga "kutonga kwaMwari" vaifungidzira dare.

Rinhiko yavapo mudambudziko

Practice mutsekwende yakatora chaizvo nguva refu (maererano mamwe manyuko - kumusoro XIV, vamwe - kunyange pakati XVIII remakore). MuEurope, vakanga pamutemo chabvisa wechechi 1215. Kutaura zvazviri, kukosha kwavo akarasika mushure kupomera mhosva yakanga kwaidarika inquisitorial muitiro. Ichachinjwa kuva rokumanikidzirwa che kwawo muitiro, pasina uyo mukwirirwi hachibvi mhosva, dare dambudziko hachisisina yepakutanga zvinoreva chikatsiviwa kurwadziswa.