Gore nheyo Irkutsk. Foundation weguta Irkutsk history, zuva

Irkutsk haasi chete vaiona huru muguta Eastern kweSiberia, asiwo miziyamu, iyo chishamiso pakudengenyeka romanticism yekare. Pano uchinyatsobatanidzwa zvakanyatsobatana runako vatengesi mumizinda, dzenhoroondo Russian umambo uye chikuru Baroque. Zvino guta guru rine zvakawanda zvinogona uye chihombe musayenzi uye michina chawo.

Irkutsk munhoroondo nheyo

Vasvika zita iri? Name guta rino akapa rwizi Irkut. Nezveshoko mubvunzo: "? Chii gore nheyo Irkutsk" masayendisiti achiri pane pfungwa dzakawanda. Vamwe vanotsigira dzidziso kuti chiitiko ichi chakaitika pakutanga, vamwe chokwadi chokuti iri pakati XVII remakore. Maererano nedzimwe nhoroondo, gore rakanga hwaro Irkutsk - muna 1652 vakasuwa kana nzvimbo ino akasvika Cossack yokuzviparadzanisa Ivana Pohabova, akasarudza kuvaka kabhini. Yakanga iri nzvimbo umo nzizi mbiri - the Angara uye Irkut - akabatanidzwa. Asi vanhu pano haana kugara kwenguva refu, uye akatamira nechinangwa Baikal Yasaka vechibharo (mutero mu mhando) vose vaya vasina kubhadhara mutero.

Maererano kumwewo, musi nheyo guta Irkutsk - July 6, 1661. Kuti vaiona pamutemo. Zvadaro, kurutivi rworudyi kumahombekombe Angara River rakavakwa rimwe jeri Pokhabov - Jakobho. The yokugara ainzi Irkutsk. Nzvimbo vakasarudzwa hazvishamisi, sezvo izvi apo nyika yakanga yakaorera, mvura yakanga izere hove, uye mumasango - mutambo. Uyezve, nzvimbo iyi yakanga pamharadzano dzenzira mikuru dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana pakati East uye West. The yokugara iri kukura nokukurumidza, uye atova wa9 gore hwaro Irkutsk kuburikidza kuna China vakatevera wokutanga Moscow mutumwa. Pashure mumwe makore 5 kusvika China ndakaenda Russian Ambassador Nikolai Spafary.

The itsva chinzvimbo

Nanhasi, asi gwaro, nokubuda kumusoro 23 gore fung kuti nheyo Irkutsk, t. E. yomusi 1684 gore, iyo inorondedzera guta kuguma XVII remakore. Rinoti muguta panguva iyoyo paiva chechi, shongwe matanhatu uye dare iri vamambo, apo vabati vaigara Irkutsk. Uyezve, vakavaka dzokugezera, hotel, anamapako kuroorwa Cossacks, wedzimba uye matura. Towers vane slits apo pfuti vaiva, uye mune imwe masvingo yakanga unonzi gunpowder kari yaishandiswa nokuda kuchengetera zvombo siyana uye munitions.

In wa25 gore nheyo Irkutsk vokupedzisira paakavapa guta mamiriro. chiitiko ichi kwakaitika muna 1686. Panguva iyoyo yava akasimuka yayo jasi kwezvombo uye chisimbiso. nokukurumidza, norunyerekupe pamusoro guta idzva anopararira kwete chete kuSiberia, asiwo munharaunda yose Russia. Yakakunakira nzvimbo uye ivhu rakaorera akariita pakati zvokurima nharaunda, saka pano vanhu vakawanda vanobva dzakawanda munyika. On the 36th gore rokuvambwa guta Irkutsk mairi paiva mhuri mazana matanhatu Kurima varimi vakanga dzinounzwa mapindu uye paMaare. Maererano zvinyorwa vekare, vanhu ava nokuda zvakapa private upfumi chezvipo guta yakabudisa gejo, namabhiza, ngoro, uyewo mombe uye yehuku. Asi hwaro wose zvoupfumi zvakanga chingwa. Ivo kusvitsa Cossacks, uyewo nekuve vanamuzvinabhizimisi nevaongorori, uyo akatamira mumwoyo kweSiberia kunotsvaka ivhu rakaorera.

Zvinenge gore rokuvambwa guta Irkutsk muna Office akasikwa vanonzi chingwa dhipatimendi, iro basa kufungisisa romugove, chionekeso, pakukurukura, kuchengetwa uye kutengeswa yegorosi, rye uye oats. Kuti aite izvi, kunyange zvikuru rakawedzerwa mudonzvo, yaisanganisira magavhuna, vakuru, vanyori Podyachev, vakuru, uye zvichingodaro. D. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti nhamba vagari yakawedzera yekudyidzana mushure chevaux Peter ndakatanga kuutapwa pano nouta uyo aimbotaurawo kumukira mambo . Saka, pakutanga pamusoro XVIII remakore Irkutsk aiva zvinopfuura 3400 vagari, uye zviri maererano nezvinodiwa nguva idzodzo akanga zvakakomba mufananidzo kuSiberia guta.

pakuzadzisa

Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore XVIII, pano kuuya yakakurumbira Moscow penzira. Uye pashure pemakore anenge 100 pashure nheyo Irkutsk aiva pano simbi nerimwe gore kuita chikuru zvakanaka. Zviitwa izvi vakabatsira zvikuru nokukurumidza kukura wezvokutengeserana uye guta racho pacharo, apo vakatanga kuvaka zhinji mafekitari, doro uye zvigayo.

Nokufamba kwenguva, iye akaonekwa Irkutsk yaro zvigaro chivanze pamwe zvitoro nematanga emapoka. rokutengesa basa rokuvaka yakataurwa Giacomo Quarenghi - akakurumbira Italian mapurani yacho XVIII remakore. On muganhu Gostiny Dvor haana asingasviki mazana maviri muzvitoro, asi urombo haana kurarama. To dzakararama rimwe pakusikwa muuki - White House vachiri vakamira pamahombekombe Angara. It yakavakwa nemari inopiwa nomushambadzi Sibiryakov. Papera chinguva, ichi chivako akava hwomubati-General. Zvino pane imwe depositories kupfuura nyika - Scientific Library of Irkutsk State University. Inoitwa mabhuku pre-echimurenga panguva. Izvi zvinosanganisira Decembrists uye raibhurari oga, uyewo vakawanda periodicals yakaonekwa XIX remakore.

Kugadzirwa Crafts uye kubuda ari indasitiri

Irkutsk hwaro (mufananidzo sei akatarira mumazuva iwayo, vari dzaitaurwa pakudzokorora), uye ipapo achiita mamiriro guta kukwezvwa chinokosha aibuda vatamira pamahombekombe Angara. Izvi zvakaguma kukurumidza kukura idzi uye chidzoke rwokugadzira indasitiri. vavezi Local vaivaka pano igwa - duku yemapuranga sandara-bottomed mudziyo aine uriri uye danda rechikepe, izvo zvinowanzoshandiswa dzakawanda zvikuru nzizi Russian uye kushandiswa zvikurukuru kutakurwa cargoes siyana, rairema kubva 7 200 matani.

Vashambadzi nevafambi nyore, zvinoitika muna Irkutsk, somunhu akataura kuti guta rakakurumbira nokuda kwayo cabinet Vagadziri, vakaitwa fenicha yakanaka. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti zvigadzirwa zvavo vari kudiwa kunyange Petersburg. The mashoko kugadzirwa zvavakaprofita anokosha rudzi miti kuti kukura chete mumasango eSiberia ose. Uyezve, guta aiva Painters akanaka, ane mabasa yakashongedzwa mupfumi pazviruva sirivha. Kare Irkutsk akaita zvinoshamisa vapfumi nezvingoro, uyewo kwakajairika chiedza droshky, zvikuru dzakashandisa Siberian migwagwa.

Town rakakura nokukurumidza. Nokuti kuvakwa kwezvivako zvitsva ibwe vaida chidhinha, uye nokukurumidza diki chidhinha chirimwa yakavakwa pano. Sezvo nheyo Irkutsk, musi iri achiri nyaya gakava pakati masayendisiti, chakaitika panguva mharadzano inokosha dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana, hazvishamisi kuti pane kuva nezvibereko zvizhinji akaratidzwa kwete chete muMongolia uye China, asiwo kubva Central Asia uye kunyange Europe. Nokufamba kwenguva, guta rakava chikuru pakati nyika pamwe tovaroraspredelitelny runako anoyevedza tsime mari, kunyanya achizadza hurumende muchivigiro.

Saka, tinogona kutaura chokwadi kuti nheyo guta Irkutsk rakanga kukurumidza kukura wezvokutengeserana, rwokugadzira uye maindasitiri, yakanga kubatsirawo kwete chete pane upfumi Eastern kweSiberia, asi kune vose Russian ezvinhu. Uyezve, rinowanzoshandiswa yakaitwa ikoko siyana nedzenyu misangano kukurukura kukosha bilateral pabonde.

chitarisiko

Mujinga Irkutsk (isu muchidimbu vakataura nezvazvo pamusoro) chaiva chiitiko zvechokwadi chinokosha nokuda Russian nehurumende. Sezvo upfumi zvishoma nezvishoma akachinja guta. chechi mbiri dzakavakwa - uye Muponesi Holy Cross, izvo zvinogona kuyemurwa kunyange nhasi. Ndivo mumwe mukuru ibwe zvivako Eastern Siberia. Uyezve, pane dzakavakwa huru kwokukunda Arch.

Zvinosuruvarisa kuti vakawanda dzimba dzakavakwa mugore rokuvambwa muguta Irkutsk, vakaparadzwa vakawanda ndichiiparadza moto kuti kugara simuka nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. Wokutanga wavo vakapisa nhare yakavakwa nechechi Spassky emapuranga. Rakavakwazve, asi namabwe. Zvinonzi vaiona inoparadza moto, iyo yakatanga muna 1679, apo moto akaparadza vanopfuura 3 zviuru. Wooden uye ibwe dzimba vanenge 100. Zvino kupiswa rinenge rose peguta. Makore 10 chete pashure nenhamo pano mumigwagwa dzakanga kuzodzosera dzakatangwa. Uyezve, vagari Irkutsk uye chirwere kwenyika, sezvo guta iri riri seismically kushingaira wenyika.

nesayenzi nzendo

Zvinogona kunzi rinenge gore Irkutsk nheyo Vatsvakurudzi yokutanga vanofarira chaizvo munzvimbo idzi. Kunyanya yakawanda nesayenzi nzendo vakazadzwa muzana XVIII remakore, uchitanga ushe Peter I uye yokutonga Empress Catherine II. The chinhu kudzidza hakusi chete Lake Baikal uye akapfuma Siberian nharaunda, asi East yose. Pakupedzisira Vavariro izvi nzendo kwaiva pave wokuRussia nehurumende kuti nePacific Ocean.

Hurumende mari yenzendo kuMongolia, Yakutia, China, uye dzavagadzirira yaiva Irkutsk. Hazvina kubva pano, uye Colonisation uye kuvandudzika Amur mumhenderekedzo. Pano, mumwe mbiri kuhofisi Russian-American Company, izvo zviri XIX remakore yakanga yatsidzira kwete zvokutengeserana, asi kukura munyika itsva, kubva Alaska uye anopera kuzviwi Japanese. Nzira yokutanga Embassy, akaenda Beijing, uyewo akamhanya kuburikidza Irkutsk. Pano taiva, uye mukuru nevezvokutengeserana unoenda China uye Mongolia. Anenge zvose Wholesale Kutengeserana kuMabvazuva Siberian nyika yakanga mumaoko vatengesi vemo.

It Irkutsk achigadzirira nzendo mbiri vanotungamirirwa yokutanga nokuda Vitus Bering. Akawedzera mukurumbira weguta uye chokwadi kuti rakarongwa umbowo nerubatsiro musango giya uye zvokudya. Mukuwedzera, kuvakwa ngarava nokuti zvomumvura chikamu rwendo akapiwa omunharaunda nemhizha, Vavaki vengarava.

Nzvimbo bhuku

Muzana XIX remakore Eastern Siberia akava nzvimbo yokushumira mutongo vagari vasingavimbiki enyika yeRussian hwacho. Saka, iyi muna Irkutsk zviviri vemo vanhu , paiva nomumwe vakatapwa. Muguta panguva dzakasiyana-siyana vakararama Decembrists, Polish vapanduki uye People. Mumwe nomumwe wavo mune imwe nzira kukanganiswa njodzi nharaunda iyi. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya pakati Decembrists, uyo akazarura pano sezvo chikoro vakomana nevasikana, nokudaro outperforming reEurope kwenyika.

Irkutsk rombo nepfungwa yokuti vakuru vakabvumira kuti kurarama mumhuri mbiri - Trubetskoy uye Volkonsky. misha yavo yakava chaizvoizvo mwoyo uye tsika peguta. Kuti vasvike ikoko, zvose vaitsvaka Irkutsk pauduku, sezvo paine kazhinji vakarongeka zvesimba uye Concerts, zvakanga vakapinda vose St. Petersburg uye kushanyira French uye Italian vaimbi uye musicians.

Development Sayenzi uye Industry

Kubva pakati pezana remakore XIX guta rakava guta guru goridhe mugodhi indasitiri. Zvapo Irkutsk vakatanga kudirana vachienda guru vagadziri makuru, vashambadzi uye kunyange omunyika. Vari vobatanidzwa kukura munharaunda zvendarama migodhi. Somugumisiro, havana yekudyidzana vakawedzera ravo guru uye kuva vakapfuma vanhu kwete chete kuSiberia, asi yose Russia. basa ravo muguta racho kukura harigoni dzakanaka. Vakanga mubasa rokuvaka zvose pachavo dzimba dzavo uye zvimwe zvivako zvinoshandiswa nevoruzhinji - nherera, zvipatara, uye siyana nemasangano edzidzo. Mari inokosha vakanga zviwanikwe, uye kukura nesayenzi. Panguva iyoyo muguta pane wokudhinda uye mapepanhau vokutanga.

Muna 1851 chakazarura wokutanga Eastern Siberia sangano nesayenzi muna Irkutsk - Siberian bazi Russian Geographical Society, vakazochinja Yakazopiwa zita rokuti East-Siberian. Mukati masvingo aro ndakadzidza Baikal kunoshamisa masayendisiti ari Lena River uye nyanza, akadai AL Chekanovsky, VI uye I. D. Dybovsky Cherskiy zhinji. Heino yakakurumbira geographer, geologist uye akaongorora Siberian nyika V. A. Obruchev.

Muna 1898, panguva yaitonga Mambo Alexander III, kuburikidza guta rwakagadzirira Trans-Siberian njanji. Wokutanga chitima vakasvika Irkutsk musi August 16, uye chiitiko ichi nomufaro mukuru akakwazisa Vagari, saka sei kusvika Moscow zvino zvinogona aiva mazuva 9 chete. Kuisa njanji vakabatsira zvikuru ndichibvunza Kugadzirwa bhizimisi iri mudunhu iri.

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri

Panguva ino, Irkutsk akava yakaisvonaka ose Siberian maguta. Paitova anopfuura mazana matatu zvivako ibwe, uye migwagwa zvakachena, rakafara uye yakanyatsojeka. Zvaive munguva iyi yakatanga zvikuru Kushandurwa peguta - dzakavakwa nezvivakwa makuru, cobble ibwe migwagwa uye pavements asphalted kokutanga. Uyezve, basa vakatanga simba uye mvura.

Muna 1918 iri Eastern Siberia akazarura kupfungwa wokutanga dzidzo yepamusorosoro - Irkutsk State University. Uye pakapera May munzvimbo idzi vakauya yehondo. City zvishoma akava dzokugara Supreme mutongi kweRussia - Admiral Kolchak, uye kubva December 28, pano pakutanga chichiitwa kurwa. January 5, 1920 Irkutsk maigara Bolsheviks. Akapidigura Kutonga Kolchak uye Admiral aurayiwe. muviri wake akakandwa murwizi Ushakovka. chiitiko ichi afanane pamuchinjikwa wemuti, pamusoro nzvimbo zviitiko. Zvisinei, apo mukuru yakapfurwa, panguva Chiratidzo wemamongi, shongwe rakadzikwa muna November 2004.

Hondo uye pashure pehondo makore

Kana hondo pamwe Nazi Germany, Irkutsk, pasinei chinhambwe chikuru kubva pamberi mutsetse, vakaita basa rinokosha mukusimbisa munyika yokuzvidzivirira. Munguva yehondo, kurwira Motherland kuti atumire anopfuura zviuru 200. Irkutsk. Vaya vakaramba vari muguta, kushanda vachizvipira, kugadzira ndege uye zvombo, uyewo zvokudya mberi.

Pashure pehondo, Irkutsk yakatanga nokukurumidza, zvishoma nezvishoma kutora chimiro guta maindasitiri. Muna 1958 takasvitsa kuvakwa wokutanga Eastern Siberia, hombe Hydroelectric simba chechitima. Mushure mafashamo kuti dura pachiyero Angara River akamuka munenge 30, uye Lake Baikal - 1 mita.

modernity

Irkutsk ndiro guta vadzidzi. Kune zvinopfuura 40 kumayunivhesiti, izvo zvinodzidzisa mazana vanachiremba uye zviuru musarudzo mune unyanzvi kupfuura 250. Pano kuuya vamhan'ari kwete chete kubva Irkutsk, asiwo kubva pedyo munzvimbo. The vemo dzesayenzi zvakaoma mumwe kupfuura iri Russian Federation.

Modern Irkutsk - ndiwo upfumi muzinda Eastern kweSiberia. Kune zvinopfuura 70 maindasitiri mabhizimisi. Well dzakabudirira muchina building, kugadzirwa nekongiri zvigadzirwa, zvokuvakisa, etc. Hazvina akapfuma zvikuru dzinongoitika, maindasitiri uye simba, uyewo mukana kutenga dzomumaguta matunhu neminisiparati pfuma uye kwenguva risi nyika - .. All izvi ndakasika yakanaka chaizvo mamiriro kukwezva makambani.

Historical, tsika uye kwesayenzi tsika vakaumba panguva akawanda emakore Irkutsk, uye kubudirana pachena ake akaita guta rinokosha chaizvo uye anoyevedza nzvimbo Russia, uyewo pakati, idzo vakauya pamwe chete munzvimbo yakakura Angara nharaunda.