Khazars - ndiani uyu? Khazars, Pechenegs uye VaPolvota

Sezvo shoko iri richiti, "Oleg Muporofita ari kuunganidzwa kuti atsive Khazars asina musoro." Vaive vakaderera zvikuru kune vaSlav here? Chii chatinoziva pamusoro pevanhu ava?

Ngatitore mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi pamwechete.

Chakavanzika chevanhu vakanyangarika

Tinotenda nekuda kwezvinyorwa zviri mumabhuku akanyorwa panguva yeKivan Rus, tinoziva kuti Prince Sviatoslav akaparadza maguta makuru eKhayzar Khaganate.

Sarkel, Semender uye Itil dzakaparadzwa, uye hurumende yehurumende yakaderedzwa. Mushure mezana remakore rechi12, hapana chinotaurwa pamusoro pavo zvachose. Mashoko echangobva kuitika anoratidza kuti vakatorwa uye vakakundwa nevaMongolia.

Kusvikira panguva imwechete - kubva muzana remakore rechinomwe - Khazaria inotaurwa nezvayo muArabic, Persian, maKristu. Madzimambo ayo ane simba guru pamiganhu yeNorth Caucasus uye maCapepian steppes munzvimbo yeGurga. Vavakidzani vazhinji vakapa mutero kune vaKazars.

Kusvikira ikozvino, vanhu ava vakazara zvakavanzika, uye ruzivo rwezhinji haruna kutendeuka. Vatsvakurudzi vanonetseka kuburikidza nehutano hwenyika yezviitiko zvekuona.

MaArabhu ane chiyero chimwe chemarefu uye nguva, vaTurkey vane zvakasiyana zvachose, kuwedzera pano yeByzantine, yechiJudha, yeSlavic uye zvinyorwa zveKazzar chaizvo. Mazita emaguta anowanzopiwa mundima imwe nenzira yeIslam, mune imwe - muchiHebheru kana mutauro weTurkey. Ichocho, zvinogona kuitika kuti kune maguta akawanda kana zvishoma, sezvo zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kuenzanisa zvachose maitiro. Kunyangwe nekuwana zvakasara zvezvivako zvose zvakakosha.

Kutonga nemakambani, zvinosvika pakuvhiringidzika uye kusina maturo zvachose. Mutsanangudzo yemambo weguta - guru, kwemakiromita mazana mashanu, uye mapurovhinzi maduku. Zvichida zvakare, ichi chiitiko chechimiro chemahedheni chemafaro. VaKazars, vaPechenegs, vaPolvota vaiona semazuva nenzira, uye vakaisa urefu hwemugwagwa mumakomo uye pabani.
Zvakanyatsoitika sei? Ngatinzwisise zvishoma nezvishoma.

Anofungidzira nezvekwakabva

Pakati pezana remakore rechinomwe, pane zvinyorwa zvepaDagestan, muCentau Ciscaucasia, pakaonekwa vanhu vasingazivikanwi, asi vanhu vane simba - vaKazars. Ndiani uyu?

Vanozviti ivo "Kazakhs". Izwi, maererano nevakawanda vatsvakurudzi, rinobva kumutauro wekuti Türkic mu "kaz", iyo inoreva kushandiswa kwe "kusvibiswa". Ndiko kuti, vanogona kungozviti mazita.

Dzimwe dzidziso dzinofunga nezvePersia ("Khazar" - "chiuru"), chiLatini (Kesari) uye chiTurkic ("varanda") mitauro. Chaizvoizvo, zvechokwadi hazvizivikanwe, saka tinowedzera mubvunzo uyu kune zvakanyorwa.

Mhedzisiro yevanhu iri pasi pechifukidziro chekuvanzika. Nhasi, vazhinji vanorangarira zvose zvakafanana zveTurkic. Ndeapi madzinza anozviti ndeavaperekedzi?

Maererano nedzidziso yekutanga - ivo vagari venhaka yedzinza raAkatsir, chikamu chimwe cheumambo huri hukuru hweHuns.

Chinhu chechipiri ndechokuti vanoonekwa sevakabva kune Khorasan.
Aya mafungiro ane uchapupu hushoma.

Asi maviri anotevera akasimba chaizvo uye anosimbiswa nezvimwe zvinhu. Mubvunzo bedzi ndiyo inonyanya kukosha.

Saka, nharo yechitatu inoratidzira vaKazars kuvana veUighurs. VaChinese munhoroondo dzavo vanotaura kwavari se "vanhu ve-ko-sa". Mukati yekudengenyeka kweHurumende yeHun, achishandisa kuora mwoyo kweavo, chikamu cheOguzes chakaenda kumadokero. Izvo-mazita emapoka anoshandurwa se "marudzi gumi", "madzinza makumi matatu", "madzinza machena", zvichingodaro.

Kwakanga kuripo Khazars pakati pavo here? Ndiani anogona kusimbisa izvi? Zvinotendwa kuti vanhu ava vaiva pakati pavo.

Mukugadzirisa resettlement, vanozviwana vari muNorthern Caspian uye Kuban. Gare gare, nekuwedzera kuchinja, kugara muCrimea uye pedyo nomuromo weVolga.

Peninsula yechiCrimea kwenguva yakareba kwazvo mumitambo yemunguva yekare yakanzi "Guzaria" chete. Mukuwedzera, kunyange muKievine kwaiva nechisimba chemamaria kubva munyika ino. Nezvechokwadi ichi chinogona kutongwa, nekuda kwechengetedzwa kunonzi "Kozary tract".

Zvematongerwo enyika

Pakutanga, vanhu vomunharaunda vari mukugadzirisa kwekugadzirisa vakawana mhirizhonga yakawanda uye yakaderera madzinza matsva. Yakasimbiswa hurumende, yakagamuchirwa muutongi hweTurkic.
Kumusoro wehurumende kwaiva ne "kagan", mune zvechiJudha - "melekh", muchiArabic - "malik" kana "caliph". Akanga ari mudziviriri waMwari panyika uye akabatana mune zvemweya uye zvepanyika. Ichokwadi, chirevo ichi chakapa mukana wokutonga, asi kwete kutonga. Chimwe chinhu chakafanana nemamiriro ezvinhu iyezvino weBritain Queen.

Apo paakakwira chigaro cheushe, vaKazars vaiva netsika inofadza. Mukamuri pamwe nemakurukota makuru emadzinza, kagan mutsva yakange yakapetwa netambo yechilika, hafu yekufa. Uyezve akabvunzwa makore akawanda aida kutonga. Pakupedzisira, nenzira, akaurayiwa.

Kana uyo anokakavadzana aive akangwara uye akadanwa nhamba huru, akanga achiri kutarisirwa mushure mokunge mambo ava nemakore makumi mana.

I "simba" repasi rakanga rakagadzirwa ne bey. Mukunzwisisa kwedu, iyi ndiyo sangano guru rehurumende. Chaiva nacho chaiva hondo, vakuru. Zvechokwadi, akadzora Khaganate.

Vaya vekumusoro vaiva Khazar aristocracy - Tarkhans, pane imwe nhanyo iri pasi apa kwaiva kuziva vanhu varanda - the elteberas.

Iyo mapurumende aitungamirirwa nevatungamiriri-tuduns, avo vaiva nemabasa aisanganisira zvikwereti zvemitero, mabasa uye kuchengetedzwa kwenheyo munharaunda yaipiwa.

The Economy

Chimiro chepakati penyika yekumavirira, nemitemo yose nemararamiro. Misiyano chete ndeyekuti yakapfuura kubva kumusha wemuhedheni kusvika kune sedentary.

Nheyo yehupfumi yaiva yekuberekwa kwemombe, maererano netsika dzekare dzemadzitateguru. Asi yakawedzerwa kune kukura kweminda yemizambiringa uye kugadzirwa kwezvinwiwa zvinodhaka, kukura kwezviyo nemakwenzi.

Nekuuya kwemaguta, mhizha inovandudza. Jewelers, vashandi, vapoteri, vanochera matani uye vamwe vatenzi vanoumba hwaro hwekutengeserana kwezvinhu zveimba.

Kuziva nevakuru vekutonga, pamwe chete neuto, vairarama nechinzvimbo chekubiridzira uye mutero kubva kune vavakidzani vakakundwa.

Mukuwedzera, chinhu chikuru chekuwana mari chaive mabasa uye mitero pane zvinhu zvaitakurwa kuburikidza nenharaunda yeKaganate. Mukuona kwekuti nhoroondo yeKazars isinganzwisisiki yakabatana nemigwagwa "kumabvazuva-kumavirazuva," ivo vaisakwanisa kushandisa mikana.

Mumaoko eChaganate pane imwe nzira kubva kuChina kusvika kuEurope, pasi pekutonga kwehurumende pane kutumira kune Volga uye kuchamhembe kweCaspian Sea. Derbent yakave rusvingo rwakaparadzanisa zvitendero zviviri zvehondo - Orthodoxy uye Islam. Chipi chakapa mukana usina kumboitika wekubuda kwekugoverana kwepakati.

Vamwe vanoshevedza hutsika iyi "shanje", vamwe vanoomerera pane nzira bedzi inogoneka uye inonzwisisika yehupenyu uye kubudirira mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvo mamiriro ezvinhu.

Mukuwedzera, Khazaria yave iyo nzvimbo yakakura pakugadzirwa kwevaranda. Vakasungwa nechekuchamhembe vakanyatsotengeswa nePersia neArab. Vasikana vakaita semadzimai eredmeme nevashandi, varume vakaita sevarwi, varimi vekurima uye mamwe mabasa akaoma.

Uyewo, nyika yakagadzirisa mari yayo muzana remakore rechi10 neregumi nemana. Kunyangwe zvaive kutevedza mari yeArabhu, asi nguva inoshamisa ndeyokuti kunyoresa "Mohammed Muporofita", pamari yemari yeKarzar, yakanzi "Mosesi".

Tsika uye chitendero

Vatsvakurudzi vanowana ruzivo rwemashoko pamusoro pevanhu kubva pane zvakanyorwa zvinyorwa. Nezvizvarwa zvemarudzi, zvakadai saKhazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsi, zvinhu zvakanyanya kuoma. Pano haisi nzira yakagadziriswa yemagwaro chero ipi zvayo.
Uye kunyorwa kwakapararira kwechitendero kana hwemudzimai hazvirevi mutoro wakakura wemasikisi. Pakati peizvi, chikamu chiduku chemashoko anowanikwa.

Tinodzidza zvakadini pamusoro pemaitiro emadzinza kubva pakanyorwa mubhoti "yakaitwa naJosefa"? Pano zvinongonzwisiswa chete kuti ivhu uye dzimwe tsika dzemitauro dzaive dzakajairika, somuenzaniso, mazita acho ndeavanhu vakasiyana. Kunyangwe izvi hazvisi chokwadi zvachose. Uyu mudziyo unogona kungotengwa uye kuunzwa, somuenzaniso, kubva kuByzantiine kana Khorezm.

Chaizvoizvo, chete chete inozivikanwa. "Khazars isina njere" yaisanganisira nyika dzakasiyana-siyana uye madzinza aitaura chiSlav, chiArabic, chiTurkic uye chiJudha. Vakuru vehurumende vakataura uye vaiita zvinyorwa mumutauro wechiHebheru, uye vanhuwo zvavo vakashandisa magwaro ekumhanya, izvo zvinotungamirira mukufungidzira kwemuTurkic midzi.

Vatsvakurudzi vemazuva ano vanodavira kuti iri pedo nemutauro weKazar wezvino uripo ndeye chiChuvash mutauro.

Zvitendero muhurumende zvaive zvakasiyana. Zvisinei, kusvikira panguva yekuderera kweKaganate, chiJudha chakanyanya kuwanda uye chikuru. Nhoroondo yeKazars yakanyatsobatanidzwa nayo. Mumazana emakore gumi nemazana nemazana gumi nemaviri, "kubatana kwakagadzikana kwekutenda" kwakasvika pakuguma.

Kunyange mhirizhonga yakapararira pakati pemisha yevaJudha neyeMuslim yemaguta makuru. Asi munyaya iyi, vateveri veMuporofita Muhammad vakaurayiwa.

Panzvimbo yezvinhu zviri munzvimbo dzepasi dzevanhu, hatigoni kutonga nekushayikwa kwemamwe mabhuku, kunze kwemashoma mashomanana anotaura. Asi pamusoro peizvi zvakare.

Zvinyorwa zve Khazar

Zvinyorwa zvinoshamisa pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu mumamiriro ezvinhu, nhoroondo yaro nekugadzikana zvakauya kwatiri, tichida kune mumwe muJudha wechiSpain. Dare reKordovsky, rainzi Hadhai ibn Shafrut, rakanyorera mambo weKarzar nechikumbiro chekutaura pamusoro peKaganate.

Chiito chakadaro chakakonzerwa nekushamisika kwake. Kuva muJudha pachake, akadzidziswa zvikuru, aiziva nezvekuvhunduswa kwevamwe vanhu vemamwe marudzi. Uye pano vatengesi vanobva kumabvazuva vanotiudza nezvehupo hwehutongi hwemakore, hune simba uye hunobudirira hutungamirirwa nechiJudha.

Sezvo mabasa aKajaidai aisanganisira dhipatimendi, akaita senhume uye akatendeukira kuna kagan kuti ave nechokwadi chechokwadi.

Akaramba achigamuchira mhinduro. Uye akanyora (pane kudaro akazvitsvakira) pachake pachavo "Mereki Josefa, mwanakomana waAroni," iyo kagan youmambo hweKhazar.

Mutsamba yacho, anorondedzera mashoko akawanda anofadza. Kukwazisa kunotaura kuti madzitateguru ake aive nehukama hwemaMayyads. Zvakare anotaura nezvemhau uye nzira yehurumende.

Maererano naye, tateguru weKazars iJafet yebhaibheri, mwanakomana waNowa. Uyezve, mambo anotaurira rondedzero yekugamuchirwa kwechiJudha muchikamu chechitendero chehurumende. Maererano naiye, zvakasarudzwa kuti tatsive zvechihedheni, izvo vaKazars vaizviti. Ndiani angaita izvi nenzira yakanakisisa? Zvechokwadi vaprista. MuKristu, muMuslim uye muJudha vakakokwa. Iyo yekupedzisira ndiyo yakanakisisa uye yakapesana nevamwe.

Maererano neshanduro yechipiri (kwete kubva pakanyorwa), muedzo wevapristi wakanga uri mukujekesa mipumburu isingazivikanwi, iyo "neropafadzo yeruzivo" yakave iyo Torah.
Ipapo iyo kagan inorondedzera nezve geography yenyika yake, maguta ayo makuru uye hupenyu hwevanhu. Vanopedza chitubu uye zhizha mumusasa wezita, uye munguva yechando vanodzokera kumisha.

Tsamba yacho inoguma nekudzokorora kwekuzvikudza pamusoro pechigaro cheKhazar Khaganate mubasa rekudzivirira kukuru, iro rinoponesa vaMuslim kubva mukudzvinyirira kwekuchamhembe kwevanhu vanobva kumadokero. Rus uye Khazars, iyo inopera, yakanga yakasiyana zvikuru muzana ramakore rechi10, iyo yakaita kuti kufa kweCaspian hurumende.

Vanhu vose vakabva kupi?

Uye zvakadaro, machinda eRussia, akadai saSvyatoslav, Oleg Muporofita, aisagona kuparadza vanhu vose pamudzi. VaKazars vaifanira kugara uye vanofananidza nevashamisi kana vavakidzani.

Mukuwedzera, uto revarume veMaganate rakanga risati riri duku, sezvo nyika inomanikidzwa kuchengetedza runyararo munzvimbo dzose dzakapiwa uye kurwisa maArabhu nevaSlav.

Kusvika iye zvino, shanduro yakatendwa zvikuru inozivikanwa seinotevera. Nekunyangarika kwaro, hurumende inosungirwa kuungana kune mimwe mamiriro ezvinhu.

Chokutanga, kuwedzera kwepamusoro peGungwa reCaspian. Inopfuura hafu yenyika yakanga iri pasi pegungwa. Mhashu neminda yemizambiringa, dzimba nezvimwe zvinhu zvakangorega kuvapo.

Nokudaro, vachitungamirirwa nenjodzi inongoitika dzoga, vanhu vakatanga kumhanya ndokuenda kuchamhembe uye kumavirazuva, kwavakatarisana nharo nevavakidzani. Saka machinda eKiev vaiva nemukana we "kutsiva Khazars isina musoro." Chikonzero chacho chakanga chiri nguva refu yapfuura - varanda vevanhu, mabasa emugwagwa weVolga.

Chikonzero chechitatu, chakashanda sekutonga kupfura, chakanga chakavhiringidzika mumarudzi akakundwa. Vakanzwa kushaya simba kwechinzvimbo chevadzvinyiriri uye vakapandukira. Zvishoma nezvishoma mapurumende akaurayiwa rimwe nerimwe.

Sechikamu chezvinhu zvose izvi, kushaya simba kwakawira sechikonzero cherwendo rwaRusich, rwakaparadza maguta matatu makuru, kusanganisira guta guru. Muchinda ainzi Svyatoslav. VaKazars havana kukwanisa kupikisa kusvika kumativi ekumanikidzwa vakakodzera vadzivisi. MaMemenari havawanzorwisana kusvikira pakuguma. Upenyu hwangu hunodhura.

Icho chinonyanya kutaurwa ndeyekuti ndiani anoramba ari mbeu inotevera. Munguva yekusimudzirwa, vaKazars vakaungana pamwe neVaKalmyks, uye nhasi vari chikamu chevanhu ava.

Zvinotaurwa mumabhuku

Mukuona kwechinguva chiduku chezivo yakachengetedzwa, mabasa eKazars akaparadzaniswa kuva mapoka akawanda.

Yokutanga ndeye magwaro ezvakaitika kare kana zvekunamata.
Chechipiri inyanzvi yezvakaitwa pamusana pokutsvaga nyika yakanyangarika.
Chechitatu ndechekusaziva-zvakaitika kare.

Vakuru vatambi vese ndiyo kagan (kazhinji semunhu akasiyana), mambo kana bheki Joseph, Shafrut, Svyatoslav naOleg.

Musoro mukuru ndiwo nheyo yekugamuchirwa kwechiJudha uye ukama pakati pevanhu vakadaro sevaSlav neKazars.

Hondo neArabhu

Pakazara, vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakazvisarudzira nharo mbiri dzakaputika mumazana mazana manomwe nemazana manomwe. Hondo yekutanga yakagara makore anenge gumi, yechipiri - kupfuura makumi maviri nemashanu.

Iyo mhirizhonga yaiva Kaganate ine vatatu vaCaliphates, iyo munguva yekubudirira kwezvakaitika kare yakabudirira.

Muna 642, kukakavadzana kwekutanga kwakavhiringidzwa nemaArab. Vakapinda muCaucasus nomunharaunda yeKhazar Khaganate. Kubva panguva iyi, mifananidzo yakawanda pamusoro pemidziyo yakachengetedzwa. Kuvonga kwavari, tinogona kunzwisisa izvo zvakaitwa neKazars. Kuonekwa, zvombo, zvombo.

Mushure memazana gumi emasikirwo asina kugadziriswa uye kukakavadzana kwemunharaunda, vaMuslim vakasarudza kuparadza kukuru, panguva iyo vakatambura kukundwa kukuru paBelenger.

Hondo yechipiri yaiva yakareba uye yakagadzirirwa. Yakatanga mumakumi emakore ekutanga ezana remakore rechisere, uye yakagara kusvikira 737. Munguva yehondo iyi yehondo, mauto eKazar akapinda pamadziro eMosul. Asi mukupindura, mauto eArabhu akabata Simba uye danda reagan.

Nharo dzakadaro dzakaenderera mberi kusvika kuzana remakore rechigumi nemana. Mushure meizvi, rugare rwakagumiswa mukuona kusimbisa nzvimbo dzechiKristu zvehurumende. Muganhu wakapfuura mhiri kumadziro eDerbent, yaiva Khazar. Zvose zvekumaodzanyemba ndezvaArabhu.

Rus naKazzars

The Kiev prince Svyatoslav yakakundwa nevaKazars. Ndiani acharamba izvi? Zvisinei, chokwadi chinoratidza chete kuguma kwehukama. Chii chakaitika mukati memakore mazana emakore akatangira kukunda?

MaSlav mu annals anotaurwa nemarudzi akasiyana (Radimichi, Vyatichi nevamwe), avo vakanga vari pasi peKazar Khaganate, kusvikira vasungwa neMuporofita Oleg.

Zvinonzi akavafukidza nemutambo wakakwana uye chete mamiriro ezvinhu ekuti havazobhadhara Khazars iye zvino. Kutendeuka kwakadaro kwezviitiko pasina mubvunzo kwakakonzera kufanana kunoenderana neumambo. Asi hapana zvakataurwa nezvehondo mune chero ipi zvayo. Tinogona kungofungidzira pamusoro pacho nekuti nyika uye Rus dzakagumiswa, vaKazars naPechenegs vakapinda pamakwikwi ekubatana.

Izvozvo ndizvo zvinonakidza uye zvakaoma kuguma kwaive muvanhu ava.