Perestroika muna USSR 1985-1991: tsananguro, inokonzera nemigumisiro

Perestroika (1985-1991) muSoviet Union raiva guru-pamwero Fani mune zvematongerwo enyika, zvoupfumi uye zvemagariro upenyu mamiriro. Vamwe vanhu vanofunga kuti maitiro ayo aiva kuedza kudzivirira pokuwa nyika, vamwewo vanofunga kuti yaisunda Union hupere. Ngationei kuti chii chaiva kugadzirisa USSR (1985-1991). Muchidimbu edza kutsanangura zvikonzero zvayo yakaipa.

prehistory

Saka, apo kutanga rokuvakazve muna USSR (1985-1991)? Zvikonzero uye Migumisiro nhanho tichaongorora gare gare. Zvino tichakurukura kwemasayendisiti rakaitika nguva iyi munhoroondo Russian.

Kufanana zvinenge zvose zvakavapo muupenyu hwedu, kugadzirisa 1985-1991 muna USSR ane prehistory kwayo. Zviratidzi mufaro chavagari iri 70 okupedzisira remakore munyika yakasvika isati yamboitwa pamwero sezvo refu. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chaizvoizvo panguva ino ndowenyika chidimbu chinokosha kuderera kwoupfumi kukura, nokuti mune ramangwana zvose nguva iyi noruoko chiedza M. S. Gorbacheva rinonzi "nguva kurega kunotanga."

Chimwe akaipa chinhu chinoshamisa zvikuru zvakajairika kuperevedza nhumbi, mhosva iyo vaongorori vanodana zvinokanganiswa chawakaronga upfumi.

In zvikuru neutralize tava kuderera maindasitiri kukura achibatsirwa mafuta uye gasi ekisipoti. Panguva iyoyo chaiyo, Soviet Union akava mumwe exporters yenyika pakukura zviwanikwa data, Ichibatsirwa pave minda matsva. Panguva iyoyowo kuwedzera mugove mafuta uye gasi munyika yacho GDP anoisa zvoupfumi zviratidzi Soviet Union muna chinokosha kuvimba nyika mitengo kuti zviwanikwa avo.

Asi mukuru kwazvo mutengo mafuta (nokuda zvirango pamusoro chokuendesa Arab States "dema goridhe" muna West) akabatsira iti chechetere ruzhinji rwakashata zviitiko zviri upfumi yeSoviet. The zvakanaka kwevanhu kunoramba kunobuda, uye vakawanda vanhuwo kunyange kufunga vakakoniwa, zvose kuti aigona kuchinja nokukurumidza. Hongu, saka tonhorera ...

Zvisinei, utungamiriri nyika inotungamirirwa Leonidom Ilichom Brezhnevym vaisagona kana ndisingadi vangasimudzira kushandura chinhu pazvinhu upfumi. High hwakawanda chete akafukidzwa pute nezvinetso zvemari vaunganidza muSoviet Union, iyo vaityisidzira kutyora chero nguva, mumwe ane chete kuchinja kwokunze kana zvemukati ezvinhu.

Kuti shanduko iyi zvinhu zvakaita kuti muitiro kuti yava kuzivikanwa perestroika muna USSR muna 1985-1991.

Kwomudzimu muna Afghanistan uye zvirango pamusoro USSR

Muna 1979, Soviet Union yakatanga uto kuvhiyiwa muna Afghanistan, izvo zviri pamutemo chaipiwa sezvo dzepasi rubatsiro kune sehama vanhu. Nhanganyaya wamapoka Soviet muna Afghanistan haana mvumo neDare UN Security Council, waimira vanonyepedzera kuti United States kushandisa dzinotevedzana zvoupfumi matanho pamusoro Union vaipfeka hunhu zvirango, uye asingatani nokuramba vamwe vari Western Europe.

Zvisinei, pasinei nezvingaedzwa kuitwa, hurumende yeUnited States chizadzike munyika dzokuEurope -oma rokuvaka pamwero mukuru gasi Mapaipi Urengoi - Uzhgorod. Asi zvirango avo, izvo zvave vakasuma, aigona kukonzera zvinokosha kuvadza upfumi yeSoviet. Uye zvirokwazvo hondo muna Afghanistan uyewo zvaida zvinhu mari, uyewo akanatsiridzwa ari kusagutsikana vemo.

Zviri zviitiko izvi ndiwo harbingers hupfumi kuparara Soviet Union wokutanga, asi chete hondo uye zvirango kwakanga pachena kwete zvakakwana kuona zvose fragility hupfumi hwaro Soviet Union.

Kurumi mitengo mafuta

Chero bedzi mitengo mafuta akasara mukati $ 100 chete mudende, Soviet Union haana zvikuru kuteerera zvirango kunyika dzokuMadokero. Kutanga kubva 80s ikoko kwave kuchikosha kuderera munyika yose upfumi, iyo pave kuwa muna mitengo mafuta nokuda yakaderera kudiwa. Mukuwedzera, muna 1983 ivo weOPEC nyika kutsauka pazvinhu mitengo nokuda zvekuvaka, uye Saudi Arabia yekudyidzana kuwedzera Vhoriyamu dzokubudisa ose mbishi zvinhu. Izvi zvakaita kuti mberi kuenderera akoromoke mitengo kuti "ndarama dema". Kana muna 1979 mudhiramu mafuta akakumbira $ 104, ipapo muna 1986 Nhamba idzi tawira $ 30, kureva mutengo wawa ne kusvika 3.5 nguva.

Izvi zvinogona kuva akanaka kukanganisa upfumi USSR, iyo ichiri muna Brezhnev yaitonga vakasvika chinokosha kuvimba kunze kwenyika mafuta. Pamwe US zvirango uye dzimwe nyika dzokuMadokero, uyewo pamasikiro aakaita va neudhadha utariri jeko ichidonhedzera mari "ndarama dema" kungaita kuti kuparara upfumi munyika.

The itsva Utungamiri Soviet inotungamirwa M. S. Gorbachevym, uyo akazova mutungamiriri wehurumende muna 1985, akaona kuti aifanira substantially kushandura utariri nemamiriro upfumi, uyewo kuita zvinhu munyaya zvose zvoupenyu National. Zviri kuedza kushandisa kuchinja izvi uye kwakakonzera chidzoke vakadai mananara sezvo perestroika (1985-1991) muna USSR.

Zvikonzero kugadzirisa

Chii chaizvo chinokonzera yaiva perestroika muSoviet Union (1985-1991)? Ngatimboti kurukura navo pasi.

Chikonzero chikuru kuti akatungamirira utungamiri munyika kufungisisa kudiwa zvaikosha kuchinja - zvose upfumi uye mumagakava enyika kuitira yose - kwaiva kucherechedza kuti magetsi ezvinhu munyika anotarisana kuparara kwoupfumi kana, pane zvakanakisisa, chinokosha kuderera mune zviratidzo zvose. About chokwadi kuparara Soviet Union muna 1985, Chokwadi, hapana mumwe pakati vatungamiriri venyika havana kumbofunga.

The Pane zvinhu vaiva riwedzere kunzwisisa kudzika kudzvanya zvoupfumi, administrative uye zvinetso zviri:

1. The uto kushanda muna Afghanistan.
2. Okusuma zvirango zviyero pamusoro USSR.
3. Kuwa muna mitengo mafuta.
4. Kusakwana nokudzora hurongwa.

Ndivo zvikonzero kuti perestroika muna USSR muna 1985-1991.

Kuvamba kugadzirisa

Sezvo pakatanga perestroika muna USSR, 1985-1991?

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, pakutanga, vanhu vashoma vaifunga kuti akaipa zvinhu zviripo upfumi uye upenyu evanhu pamusoro USSR, unogona chaizvoizvo kutungamirira pokuwa nyika, saka pakutanga vakaronga kugadzirisa sezvo nokururamiswa vamwe nezvekukanganisa wegadziriro.

Kutanga kugadzirisa anogona kunzi muna March 1985, apo General Munyori CPSU webato utungamiri akasarudza mumwe mudiki uye vachivimbisa nhengo Politburo pakati Mihaila Sergeevicha Gorbacheva. Panguva iyoyo akanga ava namakore 54 okuberekwa iyo vazhinji vachava sokuti haana kudaro zvishoma, asi tichienzanisa yapfuura nyika akanga vatungamiri zvechokwadi muduku. Saka, L. I. Brezhnev akava munyori mukuru mumakore 59 uye vakagara munzvimbo iyi kusvikira parufu rwake hwasvika naye kwemakore 75. Kubatikana mushure chokwadi, anokosha munyika pachena hofisi Yuri Andropov uye Konstantin Chernenko akava Secretary-General 68 uye 73, ukuwo, asi vakakwanisa kupedza zvishoma chete kupfuura gore rimwe pashure kuuya simba.

Izvi zvinoratidza chinokosha kurega kunotanga yevashandi vari yepamusoro echelons veboka. Kudomwa Munyori General of mudiki uye zvitsva zviri kutungamira bato murume, Mikhail Gorbachev, kwaiva pamwero sei chinetso chacho.

Gorbachev pakarepo akajekesa kuti akanga achienda kutakura kubuda anoverengeka kuchinja munzvimbo dzakasiyana munyika. Zvisinei, ipapo achiri asina pachena sei kure zvose izvi vachaenda.

Muna April 1985, munyori mukuru, akati kudiwa kuwedzera upfumi kuvandudzika USSR. Kuti shoko rokuti "kumhanyisa" anowanzonzi muchikamu chokutanga rokuvakazve, iyo kusvikira 1987 uye hazvirevi chinokosha kuchinja maitiro. mabasa ayo aisanganisira kutanga imwe zvinhu administrative. The kumhanyisa pakati kumhanya kukura zvinoreva kuwedzera engineering rinorema indasitiri. Asi kuguma zvakaitwa nehurumende regai kubereka zvinodiwa mugumisiro.

Muna May 1985, Gorbachev akati kuti ndiyo nguva kuvakazve zvose. Hazvina kubva mashoko aya uye paiva rokuti "kugadzirisa", asi sumo kwake rakakura kushandisa yakazotevera kumwedzi.

I danho kuchinja

It haachafaniri tisafunge kuti pakutanga zvose zvinangwa uye zvinangwa vaizivikanwa, izvo zvinofanira kupedza perestroika muna USSR (1985-1991). Matanho anogona kuva huna nguva.

Danho rokutanga rokuvakazve, iro richiri kunzi "nokukurumidza", unogona kutora kubva 1985 kusvika 1987 nguva. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, ose zvakagadzirwa ikako zvikurukuru administrative. Zvadaro, muna 1985, akatanga Anti-doro rutsigiro, chinangwa kuti vakaisa kuderera padanho udhakwa munyika kwasvika yakaoma iyi. Asi mushandirapamwe uyu atora inoverengeka vasingadzikurudzire matanho pakati vanhu vanogona kunzi "kunyanyisa." Zvikurukuru, yakaparadzwa akawandisa yemizambiringa, izvozvo akatanga of facto Kurambidzwa pamberi doro mumhuri uye nedzimwe mhemberero kuti zvinoitiswa nhengo yebato. Mukuwedzera, Anti-doro chirongwa kwakatungamirira kuperevedza nezvinobata muzvitoro uye kuwedzera ukoshi hwavo.

In yokutanga Danho nayo akanzi sezvo kuita kurwisa uori uye unearned mari vagari. Zvinhu zvakanaka iyi inofanira kunzi chinokosha aizomupa cadres mutsva utungamiri webato, aida kuita zvechokwadi chinokosha kuchinja. Pakati izvi vanhu zvinogona kupatsanurwa Yeltsin uye Ryzhkov.

The paChernobyl nenjodzi, iyo yakaitika muna 1986, akaratidza nekusagona aripo ezvinhu, kwete chete kudzivisa njodzi, asiwo zvinobudirira kubata nemigumisiro yayo. Emergency paChernobyl mashoma kuvanza zviremera, pangozi mamiriyoni evanhu vanogara pedyo njodzi wongoramba. Izvi zvairatidza kuti utungamiri munyika unoshanda kushandisa nzira dzakare, izvo, sezvingatarisirwa, haana kufanana vanhu.

Uyezve, aiitisa kusvikira zvokuchinja zvakaratidza kuti basa, sezvo zviratidzi zveupfumi vakaramba kuwa, sezvo zvakawanda kukura kusagutsikana pamwe mutemo utungamiri munzanga. Izvi zvakaita kuti kuzadziswa Gorbachev uye dzimwe nhengo dzebato utungamiri kuti hafu matanho regai, uye zvakafanira kuti tiite okunyanyisa kuchinja kuti aponese zuva.

kugadzirisa zvinangwa

The-chinorondedzerwa pamusoro mamiriro zvinhu vakabatsira kuti utungamiri munyika vaisagona pakarepo kuona zvariri zvinangwa perestroika muSoviet Union (1985-1991). The tafura pazasi zvishoma ndozvavava navo.

denderedzwa	zvinangwa
upfumi	Pakatanga zvinhu pamusika zvigadziriswe kuvandudza kunyatsoshanda hwenyika
utariri	The democratization kuti utungamiriri
vanhu	Democratization munzanga, nokusununguka
dzakawanda ukama	Normalization ukama naye nyika munyika dzokuMadokero

Chinangwa chikuru chakanga kuna Soviet Union mumakore perestroika makore 1985-1991, kwaiva kusika munhu zvakanyanya kushanda neHurumende mashandiro kuburikidza systemic kuchinja.

Danho II

Kuti apa matambudziko zvave zvinokosha kuti utungamiriri USSR munguva yokuvakazve muna 1985-1991. mu padariro yechipiri iyi, izvo zvinogona kunzi pakutanga kwegore 1987.

Panguva ino rave yekudyidzana akachema kusenza, iyo kwakaratidzwa inonzi wokuti kubudirana pachena. It anopa admissibility kukurukurwa munzanga kune avo kare kana hanya kana zvakarambidzwa. Chokwadi, ichi chaiva chinokosha danho kurutivi democratization wegadziriro, asi panguva imwe chete kwave dzakawanda migumisiro yakaipa. Open chokubuda mashoko uko Company vari emakore seri "keteni simbi" kwaingova asina kugadzirira, vakabatsira yakakura Shanduro nevatambi echiKomonisiti, iyo pfungwa uye tsika kudzikisirana, iyo kwaita nationalist uye separatist pfungwa munyika. Zvikurukuru, muna 1988 zvakatanga Inter-dzinza kurwisana nezvombo muna Nagorno-Karabakh.

Uyewo kuitisa dzimwe mhando dzokuzvikoshesa basa, kunyanya muchimiro cooperatives dzakabvumirwa.

In vatorwa mutemo, Soviet Union akaenda zvikuru tobvuma kuti US iri tariro nokusimudza zvirango. Kazhinji, paiva misangano pakati Gorbachev uye US President Ronald Reagan, umo chibvumirano pamusoro zvombo akanga kubudirira. Muna 1989 Afghanistan pakupedzisira wakasuduruka nemauto eSoviet.

Asi zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti danho rechipiri kugadzirisa havana kubudirira zvinangwa yekuvaka democratic gutsaruzhinji.

Step III muna kugadzirisa

Chechitatu pavaipfuura kugadzirisa, rwakatanga yechipiri yezana 1989, kwakaratidzwa ndechokuti kwemasayendisiti kuitika munyika, akatanga kubva aidzorwa chehurumende. Zvino iye akamanikidzirwa navo chete kuchinja.

The nyika kwapfuura iri achimisa pamusoro sovereignties. Republican zviremera vakazivisa yokutanga mitemo yemunyika uye nemirau pamberi All-Union, kana vari zvaipesana mumwe. Uye muna March 1990 Lithuania akazivisa kushaya wayo kubva Soviet Union.

Muna 1990, hofisi wenyika, izvo kusarudzwa Mikhail Gorbachev vevatariri wakatangwa. Mune ramangwana zvakanzi aronga abate nesananguro purezidhendi kubudikidza akakurumbira zvakananga vhoti.

Zvisinei, zvakava pachena kuti rapfuura pamanyorerwo ukama pakati dzeSoviet Union vakatsigira zvakare. It akaronga kurongazve nayo kuva "munyoro mubatanidzwa" pasi zita Union raChangamire States. 1991 kubvuta masimba gore vatsigiri vanoda Kuchengetedzwa hwakare, hwogumisa pfungwa iyi.

post-perestroika

Mushure kudzvinyirira ari kubvuta masimba, vakawanda dzeSoviet vakazivisa kushaya kwavo kubva nhengo dzaro uye akataura rusununguko. Uye chii mugumisiro? Chii chakaita kuti kugadzirisa? Kuparara Soviet Union ... makore 1985-1991 taiswera kundikana anoedza kudzikamisa zvinhu munyika. In kuwa 1991 kwaiva kuedza kuchinja yaimbova superpower kuva mubatanidzwa wenyika CCV, izvo yakaguma muna kukundikana.

Huru anosangana dariro rechina kugadzirisa, iyo inonziwo post-perestroika, aiva liquidation of USSR uye idzidziso ukama pakati chinoda Soviet Union. chinangwa ichi chaizvoizvo kubudirira mune Bialowieza Forest ari musangano nevatungamiriri Russia, Ukraine uye Belarus. Takazobatana vakawanda nemamwe chinoda kuti Belavezha zvibvumirano.

Pakazosvika 1991, USSR asisiri kunyange pamutemo havasisipo.

zvabuda

Tadzidza pezvakaitwa kuitika USSR panguva perestroika (1985-1991), muchidimbu pamusoro zvinokonzera uye nzendo chiitiko ichi. Zvino yava nguva yokutaura pamusoro zvabuda.

Chekutanga unofanira pamusoro pokuwa kuti akatambudzika kugadzirisa Soviet Union (1985-1991). Zvakabuda vose Vagadziri mutemo uye kuti nyika yose zvave mwoyo. The nyika yakakamurwa kupinda anoverengeka akazvimirira rinoti kurwisana nezvombo akatanga mune vamwe vavo, pakanga aiparadza kuderera kwoupfumi zviratidzo, rakachengetedzwa vazvidzisa zvachose yeutongi pfungwa, uye Communist Party yave chapedzwa.

Asi chikuru zvinangwa wakasiyiwa kugadzirisa, havana kubudirira. Mukupesana, mamiriro ezvinhu akanga zvinowedzerwa kunyange zvakawanda. The chete positives anogona kuonekwa bedzi democratization kwenzanga uye kwakabva pamusika ukama. The Soviet Union panguva kugadziridza nguva 1985-1991 ari State kuti haisi kumira zvemukati uye kwokunze matambudziko.