Rocket njodzi: TOP-10. Chinonyanya kundikana chombo anotangazve munhoroondo astronautics

In XX remakore, vanhu yave kukwanisa kuenderera mberi kupfuura munhau yacho yose. Vakanga afunga motokari uye chitima, akazaruka magetsi uye simba renyukireya, murume akabvisa uye akayambuka mutsindo chinodzivirira, akazogadzira kombiyuta, serura uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshamisa. Zvisinei, chikuru kubudirira vanhu anonzi spacewalk. Mushure ndege Yu A. Gagarina, mutsva sainzi -. Nzvimbo kudziongorora.

Zvisinei, upenyu zvinoda muripo zvose. Uye Space hakusi kurwadziwa. Kuti buritsa zvakavanzika zvose mazana vakashinga varume vakaisa upenyu hwavo. Pashure pokuwa tsaona pamusoro chokufambisa chombo kazhinji havagoni chakakomba.

Aida mufunge nyaya. Ivo kuratidza zvimwe chitundumuseremusere tsaona (TOP), kuonekwa loudest munhoroondo yose nzvimbo kudziongorora.

The kuwa kubva muchadenga. Boris Volynov

Nyaya yakakurumbira chitundumuseremusere tsaona (TOP) kutanga chiitiko ichi. Yaiva January 18, 1969. Mumazuva mashoma pamberi, takava yokutanga vabudirire pokusvika kuti "Soyuz-4" uye "Soyuz-5". The vashandi kuti "Soyuz-4" yakatobuda adzoka. Boris Volynov aifanira kuburuka mumwe.

Kusvikira nguva disconnection kwakanga maminitsi mashomanana. Paiva ombera - munhu pena kure Pyrocartridges dzinza mupanda. Pakarepo mukova kuenda, wakafanana muvharo ane gaba anozvigona. Vakaronga dzinza ikava kukodzera kuwa.

Mushure maminitsi 10 kuitika Länder rakatanga randomly zvayaitenderera paguyo. Uye panguva ino ... Volynov akasarudza kuitisa kurarama mishumo zviri kuitika. Zvingava zvakakodzera kuti muchadenga kunoongorora, vakamutevera. Ose 15 masekonzi, akapfuura mberi pasi ari kuverengwa, masimba ose kuedza zvimwe itibatsire mamiriro ezvinhu.

At 90? Km kubva Earth apiwa kupinda Kamudzira vakanyarara kubva huru chikepe. Iye ndikabvisa zvakawandisa zvinhu uye ... kupiswa. The kamera vakatanga kuzadza noutsi. At 10 km kubva parachuti akazarurwa, asi mitsetse ake akatanga kumonyanisa. Pakupedzisira, izvi kwaizounza ayo Kumbofungatira. Asi vapedzisira haana kuitika. Kukosa kwakasiyana-siyana, asi mudziyo uri pedyo pasi.

nyoro kumhara injini mutoro pamwechete kunonoka. Nokurohwa kwakanga kwakasimba zvokuti muenzaniso asitironati mitswe ari midzi okumusoro kwemeno.

Boris Volynov aburuka pamwe kwete kusvikira pakuguma hwomukova parachuti, zvose vakakanganisa, asi vapenyu.

Bad kutanga. "Soyuz-18"

Yaiva April 5, 1975. "Soyuz-18" akatanga nhasi nokuda pokusvika ne "Salyut-4" orbital yemapurisa. On muchikepe vaiva mutyairi-cosmonauts Vladimir Lazarev uye Oleg Makarov.

itika kakawanda nokukuvadzwa zvombo eSoviet vakadzingirira sayenzi. Zvinorondedzerwa pazasi - hapana anosara.

Zvakatangira kare muna 289th wechipiri kutiza, apo chikwata raifanira kuitwa kuti injini rakavharwa-kure rechipiri pechikuva. Nokuda breakage vaipinda ataure Reset murayiro muswe chikamu dzakafanana kwechikuva rechitatu.

Kukanganisa kuzvitsaura kwacho matanho kwakakonzera kuti kutenderera. At 295 masekonzi nawo zvakakonzera "Crash" chikwata. Chikepe inokamukana uye akaenda. Munguva tsaona anoburukira kudzora mamiriro varasikirwa dzidziso iri muchadenga. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, ndakatanga kuvhiringidza kumusoro uye pasi, izvo zvakazoita kuti ndima vanoverengeka mirayiro kururama. Zvikurukuru pane nokuderedza kuzara anoteverwa zvayo anosvika 21.3 d kutyisidzira upenyu hwevanhu. Uye ichi pasinei nokuti kunonyanyisa zadzisa panguva yokurovedza muviri yaiva 15 g.

Pamwe muchadenga kunoongorora akatanga kuitika zvinhu zvinotyisa. Tanga chiratidzo kunyangarika. Pakutanga zvakanga mutema uye chena, ipapo akazova yakatetepa. Maererano kunenge vanachiremba muchadenga kunoongorora vakaedza mhere kwazvo. Zvisinei, rira wavo aiva muduku zvakafanana kune munhu. Zvisinei, akazosvika pfupi nguva. Maminitsi mashomanana gare gare akatanga kuderera kuzara. Parachuti hurongwa rave kusashanda, uye muchina inokwira yakatenuka rimwe Altai makomo.

The chombo "R-16". Disaster Mitrofan Nedelina

Nepo zvitundumuseremusere ikatsva pa Baikonur kwaisawanzoitika, nokuti spaceport akaonekwa ichangopfuura. Yakaitika October 24, 1960 vaiona yakaipisisa njodzi munhoroondo astronautics.

Pazuva iroro, panguva kanda nzvimbo dzaiva №41 basa pakugadzirira pakuparurwa ane intercontinental chombo "R-16" wakachenjera Michael Yangelya. Pashure refueling wakakwana vanachiremba dzakawana mhosva injini kushandisa michina. Muzviitiko zvakadaro zvinoda vakasununguka zvachose kubva chitundumuseremusere huni, uye chete pashure kuti kutanga troubleshooting. Zvisinei, izvi zvaizoita kunonotsa chombo kanda nguva, izvo kunge zvakaita kuti "tambo" kubva kuhurumende.

Kudzivisa matambudziko akadaro, Marshal M. I. Nedelin akarayira kuti rokugadzirisa dambudziko iri chitundumuseremusere kwakarungwa. Akati - aita. Hapana aitarisira zvitundumuseremusere kuwa, tsaona iri chokufambisa kana zvimwe zvakadaro. Chinhu akaomerera vakawanda unyanzvi. Sam Marshall akatarisa mberi basa, akagara chitsiko vashoma gumi metres kubva chombo muviri. The njodzi ichiri kwete kutarisirwa.

Zvisinei, zvinhu zvose zvakanaka chete pamberi kuziviswa yemaminitsi 30 vakamuka. On the Akave nokuvandudza kushandisa michina hadzisisina kwakapa. Uye pakarepo vapinze injini yechipiri pechikuva. Kubva kukwirira dzinoputika simba ndege yokupisa gasi. Vanhu Most, kusanganisira ini, Marshal Mitrofan Nedelin, mheni vakaurayiwa. Vamwe vanoshanda munzvimbo rassypnuju vakamhanya. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti kutiza: zvakapoteredza vanoverengeka kuvakwa Barbed waya akazviratidza sezvisingakundiki. Mugehena vanhu runopwa, kuchisara bedzi hurukuro nenhamba, zvidimbu charred bhandi simbi dzemabhande emabhurukwa ikanyauka hungu.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kwokuputsika akauraya vanhu 92 uye kukakuvadza 50. On Marshal M. Nedelina akawana chete nyeredzi "Hero Soviet Union." Designer Michael Yangel panguva tsaona vakatamira kuchengeteka BUNKER, uyo upenyu hwake.

Rufu "Union-11"

Ichi nyaya iri mune ndandanda "Rocket njodzi: TOP-10", saka hazvibviri hanya nayo.

Zvinorondedzerwa pazasi ndiyo njodzi kwakaitika June 30, 1971. On nhasi, ari muchadenga kunoongorora G. Dobrovolsky, Volkov uye V. vakomana, aishanda muchikepe orbital yemapurisa "Salyut-1" kwemazuva 23, akadzokera kuvhu. Vakahwanda pazvigaro zvavo uye kuchengeteka mabhandi akasungirirawo, vakatanga kuongorora nokushanda onboard gadziriro. pakanga pasina kutsaudzira iri dzakaonekwa.

In paNyika mhepo, "Union-11" dzinza module wapinda nokukosha nguva. Kuburitsa parachuti wakaiswa pa 9 km pachiso, asi kutaura vashandi haana kubuda. Radio kanyanga, vasonanidza muchipfuramabwe chake, kazhinji akaramba kumhara, saka MCC hakusi takamuka. dambudziko kwakadaro kunowanzoguma idambudziko eSoviet zvitundumuseremusere, asi zvakanga zvisiri zvinouraya. 2 maminitsi Tadzika kuti kupukunyuka pod vanhu vakamhanya. Pamusangano akagogodza pamadziro hakuna mhinduro. Kuzarura musuo, havana kuwana zviratidzo muupenyu muchadenga kunoongorora. Vakakurumidza kudzura uye akatanga nokumutswa. Kuedza ndiponesezve vashandi mberi pamusoro awa, asi migumisiro haana kubereka - the muchadenga kunoongorora vakaurayiwa.

Ongororo kwakaratidza kuti kufa kwevana vedu waiva mugumisiro kunze komutemo hwomukova rimwe mhepo vent, ane basa raiva yokuenzanisa mhepo nevezera mukati anoburukira module. Iye randomly akasvinudzwa pagungano kukwira vanenge 150? Km. Air akasiya kabhini kuti masekonzi mashoma.

Nzvimbo mitumbi muchadenga kunoongorora zvinoratidza kuvapo kuedza kuwana uye kubvisa dambudziko. Asi mhute, vanozadza imba yemapuranga mushure depressurization, zvakanga zvakaoma kuita. Apo G. Dobrovolsky (dzimwe data, B. Patsaev) akawana rakavhurika vharafu uye vakaedza kuvhara nayo, iye chete haana nguva yakakwana. All mhepo kare kunze.

"Soyuz-1". Rufu Vladimir Komarov

Kazhinji njodzi zvombo muSoviet Union akaramba pamwe chete zvikuru. Pano mumwe muenzaniso.

"Soyuz-1" kwakatangwa pausiku April 23, 1967. Mangwanani akatevera zvose mapepanhau Soviet Union vakanozvitaura mapeji mberi, achiisa navo, kunze mashoko, mapikicha cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. Zuva rinotevera izvozvo chakamukazve chava Sangano panzvimbo, asi akapfeka furemu yokuchema - cosmonaut akafa.

The Rise of "Soyuz-1" haana kunokonzerwa censures. Launcher akauyisa muchikepe muchadenga pasina matambudziko. Vaitanga gare gare. Kukwana Panovhurwa negadziriro yeparutivi telemetry hurongwa kanyanga uye kuramba nenyeredzi zvevhiki hurongwa yaiva duku pavo. Not akazarura gwenya Panel rechipiri - ndipo dambudziko iri. Kuedza dzokumabvazuva yacho uchishandisa Panel on Sun akanga kubudirira, BALANCInG rakatyoka. Ngarava akatanga kurasikirwa nesimba, iyo vakatyisidzira kuparadzwa kwaro. Asi manually Komarov aigona kutungamirira chikepe kubva muchadenga uye kutanga kudyara.

Chimwe tsaona yakaitika muna 9,5? Km kubva pasi, kana Switch anenge akarayirwa kusunungura parachuti. The "Soyuz-1" uri zvitatu kwavari: ivo chiutsi, akamedura uye dzinokosha. maviri okutanga akabuda zvinobudirira, uye wechitatu waiva chavasina. Anoburukira module akatanga kuruka nokukurumidza. The asitironati asarudza Activate Reserve parachuti. Iye akabuda yakanaka, asi Kuziviswa nezvipfuramabwe ayo rakamonera akarembera kubuda akamedura. Naivowo kutumbura nzvimbo.

Komarov akaurayiwa pakarepo. Kubva matambudziko module rabva hafu mita muvhu. Yakabuda moto akadzimwa pakarepo, saka akavigwa Kremlin rusvingo akanga chete charred zvasara asitironati.

Kuwa chitundumuseremusere pa Plesetsk

April 23, 2015 Russian uye dzimwe nhau nehoro aikurumidza vakuudzei rakakundikana pakuparurwa ane experimental chitundumuseremusere. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa, iri Western venhau mashoko akadai sokuti "mumwe dambudziko," "chitundumuseremusere kuputika", "Plesetsk" Takaenda yose mashoko. Zvisinei, vakakanganwa rinokosha chinhu. Tsaona zvombo muRussia hakusi kakawanda sapamazuva USSR. Saka chii chakaitika?

Maererano Russian hurumende wokudhinda basa Arkhangelsk nharaunda, kwakatangwa kubva cosmodrome pakati Plesetsk experimental chitundumuseremusere kuwanikwa 7 km kubva kanda ikanyanya. Sezvinotaurwa nokuda chaiwo mabasa, mamiriro wakatorwa kukura Yokuedzera nyanzvi. Kutyisidzirwa misha pedyo inoshayikwa.

The chitundumuseremusere yaishandiswa kuratidza muchadenga ari Satellite, akashongedzerwa pamwe kuyera midziyo. Command Chombo Forces nzira dzinokosha akataura kuti hapana ari chiitiko hazvirevi kutanga uye haazivi chinhu. Pashure yakawanda zvakabudiswa-zvikazikamwa kuti mudziyo ndekwaJehovha mumwe emakambani ari mupomerwi indasitiri, uye zvakawanda zvakananga chirimwa, iyo mapurani, "yars" zvombo uye "Topol". Saka ari matatu nguva unoratidzwa mashoko akadai se "dambudziko", "chitundumuseremusere kuputika", "Plesetsk", anogona chete kunzi wechokwadi ichangopfuura.

Rufu vasati pakutanga. "Apollo 1"

Zvakaratidza kuti zvombo ava pakutanga vatevera kwete chete Soviet nzvimbo purogiramu. Zvinorondedzerwa pazasi nyaya chaizvoizvo aisagona kuonekwa kusvikira pakuguma kwakadaro asi kwete chitundumuseremusere, akabhururuka.

The zita "Apollo 1» (Apollo-1) vakanzi Aimbova pambiru facto ari vakakundikana kushanda Apollo uye chitundumuseremusere Saturn IBA204. Kwaiva kuva wokutanga aigarira kutiza. Ake akaronga February 21, 1967. Zvisinei, musi waJanuary 27 panguva pasi nemiedzo iri 34th kanda zvakaoma mungarava paiva moto guru, somugumisiro iyo yose vashandi pamusoro V. Grissom, White uye E. R. Chaffee akafa.

Sezvo ezvinhu ari Apollo akatevedzana ngarava wakachena okisijeni akanga pumped pasi kuderedzwa kumanikidzwa. Kushandiswa kwaro akaita izvozvo kwete chete anoponesa uremu, asiwo kugona kuderedza upenyu-rutsigiro hurongwa. Uyewo, Yokudzidza kuvhiyiwa spacewalk, nekuti-ndege kabhini kufurirwa aifanira 0.3 chete ATM. Zvisinei, pasi ezvinhu akadaro haagoni bereka, saka yakaisvonaka okisijeni pressurized.

Panguva iyoyo, nyanzvi havana kuziva kuti vamwe zvinhu kana kushandiswa oxygen vari zvinobata moto. Mumwe waivava aiva zip fastener. Munguva okisijeni ezvinhu razova panobva pezvitsiga zhinji. Panyaya iyi, moto kwaizova zvakakwana uye mumwe.

The moto vakawaridza kuti masekonzi mashoma ngarava, kunokuvadza ari spacesuits muchadenga kunoongorora. Uyewo, kunzwisisa maitiro haana kubvumira vashandi kuti nokukurumidza kuzarura mukana. Maererano Commission, iyo muchadenga kunoongorora vakaurayiwa pashure kota paminiti pashure chitarisiko chinopa.

Mushure moto, chirongwa ndege aigarira akanga yakaturikwa, uye 34th kanda yakaoma namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara. On zviyero dzayo Dombo.

A vakatadza basa "Apollo 13"

A vakatadza basa "Apollo 13" chitundumusere-musere (Apollo-13) ndiko chikamu chitundumuseremusere kuputsika. TOP hatigoni kuita pasina izvozvo. Nyaya yake haisi nani kana kupfuura yapfuura uye tevera. Zvichitaurwa, zvakasiyana.

University "Apollo 13" vakatama kubva panyika April 11, 1970, kuti vazopa ravarwi dzevanhu pamusoro mwedzi. Rakanga piloted ne Dzhim Lovell (mukuru), Fred Heyz uye John Suaygeyt. Mazuva maviri ndege akapfuura kupengereka. Zvakangotanga vakatanga musi waApril 13. Asi zuva rava kuvira. Zvazvinosarira chete kusanganisa mafuta kuti tiwane ayo mapfupa. Zvino ...

Pakutanga kwaiva guru bang, pashure izvo chikepe yakatsvairwa bhomba chaiyo. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti aizoparadza mumwe Matangi mura okisijeni. On the dashboard yambiro chiedza simbi. Kuburikidza makobvu girazi kakomba muchadenga kunoongorora vakaona kubva basa module mu noruvazhe ane ndege simba negasi. Zvakaitika kuti kuputika akaparadza wokutanga reokisijeni zvachose uye zvakakanganisa kechipiri. Pasinei nezvose zvinoedza kuitwa, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti zvigadzirise kukuvadza. Nokukurumidza chikepe akasiyiwa asina mvura, magetsi uye okisijeni. Zvadaro "akafa" makemikari mabhatiri kuiswa mune murayiro module. Kuti ruoko imwe nguva yakawanda, kwakasarudzwa kutamira kunyika water lunar. Asi chii chinotevera?

MCC musoro American Dzhin Krants akasarudza kuwedzera "Apollo", kushandisa simba kukwezvana mwedzi. The muchadenga kunoongorora zvaisanganisira water lunar injini, asi chikepe akatanga tenderera. Zvakatora maawa maviri kusvika Jim Lovell, kudzidza kuita chikepe kuti mamiriro ezvinhu matsva uye kuti kurishandisa mugwara rakanaka. Overflights Romwedzi, "Apollo 13" vakamhanyira Earth.

Mushure adventures zhinji, muchadenga kunoongorora vawa, vakasasa pasi ari munzvimbo kupiwa. Three kumba vaneta, vachidedereswa uye haana hope munhu.

Njodzi "Challenger"

Mune 80s kare remakore Nenjodzi nzvimbo zvitundumuseremusere vakatevera astronautics America. Mumwe muenzaniso inorondedzerwa pazasi.

Njodzi iyi zvakaitika January 28, 1986. On nhasi, vazhinji vakaungana kanda nzvimbo Cape Canaveral, kuFlorida (USA), tinokwanisa kuona zviri pachena denga Orange uye fireball chena. Chaioneka pashure 73 masekonzi pashure pakutanga, somugumisiro kushayikwa tightness of chisimbiso rabha pamusoro yakasimba accelerators raputika university "Challenger". The nzvimbo chirongwa American chakarasikirwa Francis Scobee, Michael Smith, Ronald McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Gregori Dzharvisa uye Kristi Makoliff. The yokupedzisira aisava nyanzvi asitironati - aishanda ari mudzidzisi ari chikoro chesekondari, asi Lenema. Waibatanidzwa chikwata panguva kuomerera kuna Ronald Reagan.

The usiku pamberi kutanga mhepo iri Florida dzaserera kuna -27 ° C. Zvose munharaunda, kusanganisira muchikepe Hull, iced he. Start zvinofanira kumbosiyiwa, kunyanya sezvo akayambira mumwe mainjiniya ose Rockwell, riri basa pakutanga. Zvisinei, akanga asina kuteerera. The chikepe vanoramba akarwa kuti rufu.

Mushure masekondi 16 pashure kutanga chomuruki akaita chakanaka kutenderera uye akananga kunze mhepo. Pakarepo, pakati nechepasi mungarava yayo mafuta tangi akazviratidza flickering chiedza. A nguva gare gare, nhevedzano kuputika. The chikepe vakaputsanya zvidimbu uye ndokuwira mumvura. All ari muchadenga kunoongorora vakaurayiwa anenge pakarepo.

Mashoko "Challenger", "zvinoita zvokukandwa", "njodzi" anorondedzera zvakaitika mumapepanhau American. Nation inochema. Kukura chirongwa nzvimbo yakanga raizosungirirwa kwemakore matatu. Zvisinei, zvachose haisi kuvharwa.

Rufu "Columbia"

Dambudziko "Columbia» (Columbia) anonzi chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha munhoroondo astronautics. Zvino February 1, 2003. Rinobatanidzwa kwete chete chete nhamba yevaya vakaurayiwa panguva iyo muchadenga kunoongorora, asiwo kune simba yakanga dzakakurudzira pamusoro pokumuka nzvimbo nesayenzi.

Tanga "Columbia" akanga ichinonoka kanoverengeka. Ndege yokutanga akaronga May 11, 2000. Paiva nenguva apo akanga adzingwa vakawanda purogiramu, asi US Congress akapindira. Chokwadi, ndege kwakaitika pashure pemakore anodarika maviri.

Saka kutanga. Mungarava akakwira mutungamiri Rick Douglas Husband, Pilot William C. McCool, vanachiremba David M. Brown, Kalpana Chawla, Michael F. Anderson, Laurell B. Clark uye Israeli asitironati Illan Ramon. I vanotanga filming paTV dzakawanda Camera. matanho aya anobatsira kuti zvakazara funga zvarakasiya siyana paanenge. Ndizvo uchibatsirwa yavo, 82 masekonzi ari kutiza, uye zvakanyorwa rakajeka chinhu chiduku, akarova rworuboshwe Bapiro chomuruki. Gare gare zvikazooneka kuti zvakanga chimedu furo yakarova rworuboshwe bapiro muchikepe uye chibhakera naye hafu-mita gomba. NASA vakaperekedza simulations havana kuzivisa zvingangoitwa nemigumisiro, saka ndege mberi.

Wokutanga chiratidzo akacherechedza panguva yokuwana anofambisa muna 16 H 59 Maminitsi, Washington. Kupera kuverengwa pakati dzvinyiriro sensors zvose kumbozviona. Kukundikana mhosva pamusoro murombo kukurukurirana. Asi panguva ino vakatanga kuparadzwa muchikepe Hull. Iye anopararira putsa mu isingasviki kweminiti. Zvose muchadenga kunoongorora vakaurayiwa.

Vazhinji chakavanzika chombo nenjodzi havana declassified. Kana vava yakazaruka - harizivikanwi. Asi chinhu unoziva. Unoda?