The kusaina of START-1 Treaty pakati USSR uye United States: musi. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (munyu) - dungwerungwe bilateral zvibvumirwano pakati USSR uye US panyaya kuchengetedzwa zvombo zvenyukireya. Win taikurukura akawanda. Somugumisiro roMunyu-1 uye munyu-2 vakanga vakasaina. Chokutanga - muna 1972, rechipiri - muna 1979.

Background uye yokuti "adequacy" iri USSR

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro mabviro uye zvikonzero nei kwakanga kusaina roMunyu-1 chibvumirano wokutanga, panodikanwa kuti kutaura pfungwa "adequacy" iri zvombo zvenyukireya pamusoro. Izwi kunonzwisiswa zvakawanda muna West, asi chokwadi izvi hazvina chokuita nomufambiro divi yeSoviet. Panguva xxvi Congress of CPSU maonero edu yepamutemo yenyukireya pakaziviswa. Zvairehwa kuti Soviet Union neUnited States vane mwero chinangwa ndiyo Kuchengetedzwa yorugare, uye aine zvinoverengeka zvenyukireya warheads, izvo anoparadzirwa zvakaenzana pakati Strategic Chombo Forces, Navy uye Air Force zvakakwana. No ukuru tichitarisa nhamba vokuAmerica, hatidi. Kutaura zvazviri, utungamiriri Soviet yakazivisa kuti hapana maoko rudzi waguma. Kunyange Nikita Khrushchev akamboti Kennedy kuti nyika yedu hazvina basa kangani US anogona kuiparadza - masere kana pfumbamwe. Zvaringana kuziva kuti Soviet Union aigona kuparadza United States kanenge kamwe. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi ndiwo "pfungwa adequacy," izvo vanoukwevera panguva bato guruundano pamutemo.

US nzvimbo

United States akaitira izvozvo zvakasiyana: Vakaenda kusada nemasaini munyu-1 chibvumirano. Chikonzero chiri mudzimba zvematongerwo enyika; mapato maviri makwikwi musarudzo muUnited States. Munhu anofanira kuva vachitsoropodza vamwe nguva dzose. Mune sixties remakore rapfuura, asi Democratic Party aiva yokubatana pamwe kudivi Soviet, uye vakaita saizvozvo itsva izwi Republican Nixon akatanga kutonga kwake chete nyaya kwezvombo kuzvidzora. Nokuti purezidhendi mutsva, ichi chaiva chikuru dambanemazwi, sezvo munyika musarudzo, taishoropodzwa parity zvichibvira yenyukireya of USSR uye USA. Aigara akati kuti aifanira kuzadzisa zvachose ukuru mumaoko pamusoro nyika yedu. Izvi akatora mukana vakundwa Democrats, achiisa "nguruve" pasi cheya pakati purezidhendi mutsva.

Nixon aiva stalemate: rumwe rutivi, akashora pfungwa parity pakati USSR uye USA, aiva mutsigiri zvenyukireya quantitative ukuru. Ukuwo, zviri kuvaka-up of maoko rudzi unilaterally - pamwe pamutemo payakazivisa USSR pamusoro kukamurwa uwandu zvombo zvenyukireya ayo - vasanyanya nomufananidzo US se "simba zvakanaka", riri kunetseka "umambo zvakaipa." Zvakaratidza kuti mapato vachinje mabasa avo pamberi Western capitalist nyika. Panyaya iyi, Nixon aifanira zvauri kupomerwa uye kubvumirana kusaina roMunyu-1 chibvumirano.

US pfungwa Nixon

Dudzirai kuti United States neSoviet Union zvibvumirano itsva, uye akaisa parity Chokwadi, purezidhendi asingagoni kubva Republican Party. Ndokusaka, uye akasarudzwa se "nekuringana urongwa" uye muUnited States. kureva Voter chiri chinhu pakati pfungwa uye pfungwa zvachose kwoumambo parity yenyukireya. Kutaura zvazviri, maonero ichi hachisi populist: US chaizvoizvo akanga dzakawanda dzakatumirwa zvombo zvenyukireya kupfuura Soviet Union.

Achiratidza yakatofanana Mutevedzeri Defense Minister D. Packard: "nekuringana kunongoreva kuti zviri nyore kushandisa shoko iri mashoko. Uyezve, hazvirevi chinhu. " Ungangove, President Nixon aiona "pfungwa zvakakwana" kwakaita nekuyanana pakati ake sarudzo chirongwa uye maitiro ane mhando asati Democrats ake.

Nhungamiro nokuti Development US zvine urongwa masimba

Saka Nixon kutarisira rakazivisa "kukwaniswa pfungwa." Pamutemo, zvinotevera nheyo dzave dzichitaurwa:

1. Kuramba vanoverengeka inokosha zvombo zvakakwana kudzorera, kunyange mushure "Kurwisa kusingatarisirwi yenyukireya."
2. Kubvisa chero chikonzero kuti "kudenha".
3. Yezve muvengi yekuita mukana kubata kuvadza United States kupfuura vanogona kukuvadza kuUnited States muna kutsiva.
4. US Software kudzivirirwa kurwiswa yenyukireya.

Sezvo nguva dzose zvinoitika American ungwaru, chirongwa ichi vanogona kuva "kukodzera" se "kusvikira adequacy mafungiro", uye kuti dzidziso "zvachose ukuru" sezvo pachena zvirongwa uye yakananga Nhamba haana yakapiwa mariri. Nyanzvi dzakawanda mauto akati kuti chero bato anogona kufunga pfungwa iyi sezvo iye zvinomufadza, uye achava zvakarurama. Zvisinei, rimwe zvakananga kuramba zvachose ukuru kare vamwe mberi US gwara, pasina chinova zvachose hazviiti kuti vave kusaina roMunyu-1 chibvumirano.

chombo kudzivirira dambudziko

The Chaizvoizvo yose US gwara wakaratidzwa kukurukurwa chombo kudzivirira enyika. Chokwadi chokuti Soviet Union akanga aenderera mberi chombo kudzivirira michina. Takadzidza makore 23 vokuAmerica pamberi vapfure pasi zvenyukireya zvombo nevasiri zvenyukireya zvombo tichiregeredza of kinetic simba kubva nokuputika kwezvinhu TNT. Kutaura zvazviri, takava kuchengeteka nhoo, izvo akabvumira haana kuridza kukwira mundima yedu zvenyukireya warheads. America vaigona kupfura pasi zvenyukireya zvombo chete zvimwe zvombo zvenyukireya nezvishoma simba. Chero zvazvingava, kudzivisa pakuputika kwenyukireya muUnited States haana kubudirira. Naizvozvo, vokuAmerica vakasimbirira Kurambwa kwezvisikwa ane chombo kudzivirira wemuTesitamende kukurukurwa munyu-1 uye munyu-2.

US kuramba kutsanangura kukura chombo kudzivirira nokutaura kuti chinoita njere kushomeka rudzi Arms, kana musadzivisa kuzvidzivirira rudzi. Maererano vokuAmerica, ari kuenderera kukura chombo kudzivirira parutivi Soviet kuti yacho kuti varambe kusimba nengaidzo pakati nyika mbiri dzine. Panyaya iyi United States airatidzika vakakangamwa pamusoro ukuru hwavo mumaoko rutapudzo uye pre-sarudzo anovimbisa Nixon.

The divi Soviet yakanga categorically zvakadai zvisaitika nzira, zvakarurama nharo kuti kudzivirira kukura - iri tsika uye kusimudzira kurwisa - ari mhombwe. Kunze, vanhu vokuAmerica vachipisira kugadzirisa dambudziko racho rutapudzo pakati tsamwisa zvombo, uye zvakarurama parakatonga kuti United States aiva paanopfuura pavo.

The nekutumirwa kwemauto US chombo kudzivirira - ngozi kuuya zvibvumirano

Muna 1967, kuti US vaitarira unilaterally deploys ayo chombo kudzivirira hurongwa. Vaitsanangura izvi ndechokuti hurongwa haina kunangana Soviet Union, uye akanga zvainanga neutralizing atarisana China. Last uye zvose panguva iyoyo chete chezita zvombo zvenyukireya, izvo zvaisagona pangozi US. Zvinoshamisa, nhoroondo anodzokorora pacharo pamwe US chombo enhare Eastern Europe, nechinangwa ostensibly pamusoro Iran, kunyange zvazvo asingadi kukanganisa kana US kana kunyika Eastern Europe. Nyanzvi Military akacherechedza zvino, sezvo zvino vanoti chinangwa vokuAmerica ndiyo nyika yedu.

Pakazosvika 1972, Hurumende uye Ushumiri Kudzivirira vasingagoni kuzviruramisa pamberi Anti-militarist masimba munyika dzokuMadokero. US kuunganidza zvenyukireya yakawedzera, zvombo akavandudzika, uye hapana prerequisites nokuti izvi hazvina kuchengetwa. nyika yedu kuti pasinei vokuAmerica aidzidza mutemo ushamwari, vabvuma kubvumirana - asati asi dzakasaina chibvumirano tikadzivisa chombo kuzvidzivirira hurongwa kukura.

Nixon kushanyirwa kuti Soviet Union uye kusaina kuti zvibvumirano

Muna May 1972, kushanya zvenhau Nixon kuna Moscow. Rokutanga chibvumirano pamusoro kukamurwa Strategic Arms yakanga yakasainwa May 29, 1972. Rainzi "Panobva pamwe pakati USSR uye United States." mativi Vose vakaona kuti rugare coexistence maviri masimba makuru ndiyo chete zvinogamuchirika panobva ukama. Uyewo, vose nyika vane basa kudzivirira kurwisana vemo, vane basa kuzvidzora uye kugadzirisa kusiyana achishandisa murunyararo.

Muna May, sezvo mumwe Chibvumirano akanga yakasainwa - "Anti-Ballistic Chombo Treaty." The mapato vaifanira kusarudza dzimwe nzvimbo mundima yayo, izvo chichange chiri chombo kudzivirira zvivako. USSR, Moscow ave akadzivirirwa kubva zvenyukireya kurwisa. USA - wandei zvinhu akatakura zvombo zvenyukireya.

The kusaina chesungano munyu-1: musi, chikuru zvokudya

Munyu-1 - chine zvibvumirwano pakati United States uye Soviet Union kubvira 1969 kusvika 1972. Zvakatanga muna Helsinki. Uye vazhinji vanodavira kuti vacharamba vari pabasa. Asi zvisinei akasaina Soviet-American chibvumirano munyu-1 Nixon muMoscow muna 1972. Zvombo zvenyukireya of USSR uye United States zvachose akanyorwa kubvira ipapo. Kuwedzera kwenhamba warheads hakubvumidzwi. Uyewo akatanga moratorium pamusoro kuidzwa zvombo zvenyukireya muSoviet Union, asi izvi hazvirevi kuti nyika yedu yakagadzirira kusiya basa kukudziridza zvombo zvenyukireya simba.

Panguva iyoyo, Soviet Union muAtlantic ari 200 zvombo zvitsva. The United States yakanga 1054 intercontinental ballistic zvombo, 656 chombo yepasi pemvura. Soviet zvombo zvenyukireya uye United States kubva iyoyo haana kumbochinja. Zvisinei, vokuAmerica vava munhu mutsva mhando chombo - MIRV (multiple chitundumuseremusere zvikamu). The peculiarity chokwadi kuti chimwe chombo dzinonzi, asi zvinokanganisawo wandei zvine urongwa zvirongwa.

Salt 2

Munyu-1 nomunyu-2 - iri rakabatana nyika zvibvumirano. Yechipiri yaiva musoro kuenderera kweyokutanga. Musiyano chete raiva kuti munyu-2 - chibvumirano chete, akasaina June 18, 1979 mu Vienna pamusangano Leonid Brezhnev uye J. Carter.

kunyatsogona

Munyu-2 ichikutadzisa nhamba inokosha pakukurukura motokari 2,400 dzakabatana. Vose uyewo akabvuma kuderedza rino. zvidzidzo 1320 chete inogona nepokuongorora warhead ane kupiwa chinhu kuparadzwa. nhamba iyi zvinosanganisira marudzi ose zvombo zvenyukireya. Mukuwedzera, kurambidzwa kwakakanganisa uwandu warheads kuti dzaigona muAtlantic pamusoro inokosha vatakuri: zvikepe, ndege, uye Ngarava dzepasi pemvura.

Munyu-2 hakubvumidzwi uye nokutumwa idzva chombo silos, yakaganhurirwa mazuvaano. Imwe neimwe vemapato Somuenzaniso, ingawedzera hapana kupfuura munhu mutsva intercontinental ballistic chombo, izvo zvinogona vakagadzirira pamwe 10 warheads.

Munyu-2 haana chagamuchirwa muUnited States sezvo Soviet Union akatuma mauto Afghanistan. Zvisinei, zvisina chibvumirano akabvuma nemapoka acho.

Tanga-1 uye kutanga 2

Nhoroondo zvinhu zvibvumirwano pamusoro roMunyu-2 haana rapera. July 31, 1991 Treaty pamusoro rutapudzo uye Limitation pakati Strategic Kurwisa Arms of Soviet Union uye United States (Tanga-1) yakanga yakasainwa muMoscow. Uyu ndiwo mumwe okupedzisira zvibvumirano zviri USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev akasaina. Its nguva aiva makore 15. Chinangwa chesungano - zvinoderedza pakati zvombo zvehondo 30 muzana zvose zviripo zvombo zvenyukireya masimba. The chete Kunze yakaitwa kuti gungwa rwendo zvombo vane zvakawanda kupfuura makiromita 600. Izvi hazvishamisi, US ine kuwanda zvombo zvakadaro, uye nyika yedu haina kuva navo zvachose.

Pashure pokuwa USSR zvakafanira kuzodzosera apiwa kusaina chibvumirano ne Russia Kubvira yakabuda ari panjodzi kuti nyika yedu haina kuzadzisa chibvumirano START-1. Muna January 1993, iye chibvumirano chitsva - the START-2 Boris Yeltsin uye George Bush .. Muna 2002, nyika yedu akadzora kubva Treaty pakupindurwa chokwadi kuti United States akabva kubva ABM Treaty. Muna 2009, Dmitry Medvedev uye Barack Obama kuGeneva nekambani chibvumirano chitsva inokosha tsamwisa maoko, asi Republican US Congress Akavhara ose chirongwa Democrat Barack Obama panyaya iyi. Pamutemo mashoko of Congress - "The US anotya" kubiridzira "riri chikamu Russia iri kuita chesungano."

Tanga-3

Muna 2010, kuRussia uye US mapurezidhendi chibvumirano chitsva. divi rimwe nerimwe vangava payo asina kupfuura 1550 vamapoka zvenyukireya warheads. Kuwanda inokosha pakukurukura motokari havafaniri kupfuudza 800 dzakabatana. chibvumirano ichi chagamuchirwa nenyika mativi.