Pantheism - uzivi kuti? Concept uye vamiriri pantheism. Pantheism Renaissance

"Pantheism" - iri izwi kuti shanduro chaiwo kubva muchiGiriki muuzivi "Mwari zvose." Izvi Kudavira hurongwa, izvo zvinoodza wekuita kunyange kuziva pfungwa kuti "Mwari" uye "mamiriro". Saka mwari richimirira imwe rekuremekedza pakutanga, zviri ndiripo zvose, zviri vasingasiyani kubva vapenyu.

Musimboti pantheism

Sezvo pantheism kunobatanidza Mwari-fuma, uye nyika-zvose, pane vanoda kuti kuwirirana pakati kunofambira mberi unhu huMwari, akadai kusaverengeka, asingagumi, kusashanduka, uye kufamba, dzose volatility kwenyika hwezvisikwa. In muzivi yekare Parmenides Mwari uye nyika haangaparadzaniswi kubva mumwe, pamwe kunofambira mberi mwari muchimiro pachangu mhando, uye zvose zvipenyu zvose (sezvinoita isingaperi cyclical). Asi pantheism mu muuzivi Hegel akapa mwari kazhinji uncharacteristic kukwanisa kufamba uye kukura, saka kubvisa huru kupokana pakati naMwari uye mupenyu. Supporters immanent pantheism vanowanza kuona Mwari somunhu mhando mutemo yakakwirira, nokusingaperi uye kusachinjika simba kuti anodzora nyika. mutsetse uyu repfungwa yakatanga Heraclitus, vateveri Stoicism, saka zvavo nemashoko, akanga Spinoza kuti pantheism. Senzira Neo-Platonic uzivi kwakamuka dzangaradzimu kuti pantheism imwe mhando, maererano uko zvisikwa chiri dzangaradzimu Rinobva Mwari. Dzangaradzimu pantheism zvoruzivo kuMiddle Ages hakusi aipikisana hwakapararira yebhaibheri dzidziso, asi chete aimiririra kusiyana realism. mhando iyi pantheism zvinogona kuonekwa Zvinyorwa Dhavhidhi Dinanskogo uye Eriugena.

mirayiridzo pantheism

In munhoroondo uzivi , mirayiridzo maviri dziripo kuti chokubatanidza zvose pantheistic dzidziso:

1. zvoga pantheism, dzaitaurwa mabasa nevaStoiki, Bruno, Spinoza chikamu, deifies zvisikwa, zvose zvipenyu zvose. It kunoratidzwa pfungwa dzakadai ane pfungwa uye mweya wenyika. Izvi Muitiro ruchigona pfuma, iyo rutapudzo yenhungamiro achitsigira zvepanyama.

2. usingaonekwi pantheism muhurukuro nedzidziso Eckhart, Nikolaya Kuzanskogo, Evil, Boehme, Paracelsus. Kuti usarudze kutungamirira ichi pane kunyatsoenderana rokuti "panentheism" - "zvose muna Mwari", sezvo vazivi ino Muitiro hakusi zvichida kuona Mwari zvakasikwa uye hunhu muna Mwari. Nature - akasiyana azvipire kuvapo kwaMwari (chinangwa idealism).

Kune mienzaniso yakawanda nokusanganisa vaviri mhando pantheism mukati dzidziso anofunga.

nyaya

Kokutanga rokuti "pantheism" (kana panzvimbo "pantheist") akashandisa Dzhon Toland, Chirungu zvinhu muzivi kunze XVII-XVIII emakore. Asi midzi enda pantheistic nemaonero dzechitendero uye nouzivi yekare nehurongwa. Saka, chiHindu, uye Brahmanism ekare India Vedanta uye chiTao muna China yekare vaiva pachena pantheistic zvakasikwa.

Ancient dzechitendero nouzivi magwaro, vakatakura pfungwa pantheism riri Indian vedas vekare uye Upanishads. Nokuti vaHindu, anonzi Brahman - harina parinogumira, kugara, rekuremekedza sangano kuti akava hwaro hwose upenyu zvakasikwa, zvose ati aripo kana ruchavapo. Mashoko ari Upanishads nguva dzose unotsigira pfungwa kubatana pakati anonzi Brahman uye nyika.

Ancient Chinese chiTao - zvikuru dzidziso pantheistic, nheyo iyo zvinorondedzerwa basa "Tao Te Ching" rakanyorwa Semi-kunozivikanwa somuzivi Lao Tzu. Nokuti Taoists hakuna mwari musiki, kana zvimwe anthropomorphic nomuvengi, yenhungamiro riri chisiri munhu, ndiko raakashandisa pfungwa panzira uye ari zvose uye zvakavapo.

Pantheistic maitiro varipo pakawanda akawanda muzvitendero dzinza pamusoro Africa, zvakanyatsobatana vakawanda uye animism. CheZoroastrianism uye chiBhudha vamwe kuerera panteistichny zvakasikwa.

Muna 14-15 emakore muna Western Europe, pantheism yave kuderera. Dzidziso akakurumbira vafundisi vechiKristu John Scotus Erigena, Meister Eckhart uye Nikolaya Kuzanskogo vaiva pedyo zvikuru naye, asi pachena kutsigira maonero izvi chete Dzhordano Bruno. Uyezve kupararira muEurope pantheism pfungwa kunowanwa mabasa Spinoza.

Muzana remakore rechi18 pasi pokudzora simba rake ake pantheistic pfungwa rakapararira pakati nevazivi Western. Nechekare pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 kuti pantheism kwaitaurwa nechitendero remangwana. Muzana remakore rechi20 ino yakanga sedzisina kubudikidza dzematongerwe enyika kwechiFascist communism.

Pantheism kwakatangira zvoruzivo yekare

Pantheism - ndiwo uzivi akare, chikuru vanzwe ruzivo zvose zvenyika, zvisikwa uye pezvakasikwa. Akatanga akasangana dzidziso nevafungi pre-yaSocrates kumwedzi - Thales, Anaximenes, Anaximander uye Heraclitus. Nokuti nevaGiriki chitendero panguva yakanga ichiri dzinoratidzwa akazvitsaurira vakawanda. Saka, mangwanani Antique pantheism - kudavira panzvimbo mhando zvipenyu huMwari kuri muzvinhu zvose, zvipenyu uye zvakasikwa.

Pamusoro-soro paakasvika pantheistic Uzivi iri dzidziso nevaStoiki. Maererano kwavo dzidziso nzvimbo iri imwe muviri moto. VechiStoiki pantheism pachena uye anobatanidza zvose zvipenyu zvose, uye vanhu vari kunyanya pamwe pezvakasikwa. Last - ndiye zvose Mwari uye hurumende nyika. Somugumisiro, pantheism ndiko kuenzana kwevanhu vose yepakutanga.

Panguva hweRoma, muuzivi pantheism kwakapararira Vongai simba nzvimbo chikoro ari nevaStoiki uye Neoplatonists.

Middle Ages

Middle Ages - ushe pakati monotheistic zvitendero, izvo dzinoratidzwa rinorondedzera Mwari somunhu unhu simba, kudzora murume uye pamusoro nyika. Panguva ino, pantheism vakaramba dzangaradzimu dzidziso Neo-Platonic uzivi, iyo yaimirira nekuyanana nechitendero. Kokutanga pantheism sezvo zvinhu pamuviri richiratidzwa Davida Dinanskogo. Akataura kuti pfungwa dzevanhu, Mwari uye zvinhu nyika - chetezvo.

mapoka echiKristu akawanda kuzivikanwa pamutemo dzakatsauka dzinoparadza Church uye kusungirwa, aiwanzofamba pantheism (eg amalrikane ari XIII remakore.).

kuberekwazve

Kusiyana Ages dzidziso, Renaissance nevafungi akatendeukira kune vekare nhaka uye dzinongoitika uzivi, mari yakawanda nesainzi, uye kunzwisisa zvakavanzika zvakasikwa. Kufanana nevanhu antiikki Kutarira ndiyo chete shoma kuziva kuvimbika uye kuchangamuka kwenyika, pezvakasikwa, asi nzira yakasiyana dzokudzidza. Anoramba Rationalist maonero kare (chaizvoizvo, wefizikisi naAristotle) uye kunze pfungwa zvemashiripiti uye zvemidzimu ruzivo zvakasikwa somumwe akafuridzirwa kutanga. A mupiro guru munda ichi chakaitwa pane wokuGermany alchemist, chiremba uye nyeredzi Paracelsus, anoshandisa mashiripiti kuedza kutarisira Archaean (mweya) hunhu.

Kuti pantheism Renaissance kwese akawanda kwouzivi dzidziso iyoyo, akanga pokuungana pakati kunyanyisa dzinongoitika uzivi uye zvechitendero.

Dudziro pantheism iri dzidziso Nikolaya Kuzanskogo

Mumwe chakajeka vamiririri pantheism Early Renaissance aiva akakurumbira German muzivi Nikolay Kuzansky. Akararama muzana remakore rechi15 (makore 1401-1464). Namazuva iwayo ini dzidzo yakasimba uye akava muprista. Akanga pakuridza chaizvo, akazvipira kuKereke uye aiva rinobudirira, achiva muna 1448 kardinari. Chimwe chikuru zvinangwa hwake chaiva kusimbisa simba dzeRoma. Pamwe chete chaizvo upenyu Church mu Europe wokuCusa yakawanda nguva zvinyorwa kwouzivi. maonero ake akanga raikonzerwa nedzidziso Middle Ages. Asi pantheism Nikolaya Kuzanskogo zvakare kuwana ari vasingasiyani kuvimbika makemikari, kugara kufamba uye kubudirira kwenyika uye, naizvozvo, ayo yokusafa humwari. Akasiyanisa nechivimbo zivo Ages nezvaMwari uye nyika dzidziso "vakadzidza kusaziva," inokosha pfungwa yaiva kuti hapana pasi masayendisiti hazvisi vanokwanisa kunzwisisa ukuru hwaMwari uye kusaverengeka.

Uzivi Giordano Bruno

Anofunga uye nyanduri, muteveri wokuCusa uye Copernicus, rokuItari muzivi remakore rechi16 Giordano Bruno aiva pantheist chaiye. All upenyu panyika akatenda zvomudzimu, takaberekwa tine sesasaradzi nezvinoitwa naMwari. Maererano nedzidziso yake, Mwari inowanikwa munzvimbo dzose dzenyika pasina chaakasiya - guru uye duku, zvisingaoneki. All zvakasikwa nemunhu - a RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA chipenyu muviri.

Achiedza uvhure pfungwa kururamiswa nokuda Copernican dzidziso, akaisa mberi dzidziso nokuvapo siyana nyika uye zvakasikwa, usina miganhu.

Pantheism Dzhordano Bruno, wokuItaly anofunga pamusoro XVI remakore, akazova chaiwo pfungwa Renaissance.

Pantheism mukudzidzisa ouzivi Spinoza

nhaka Spinoza kwakaita kwouzivi - ndiko chakajeka pfungwa pantheism, wakasika nguva itsva. akashandisa geometric nzira, sezvo iye pachake akaritumidza kuti mupe ayo zvakaratidzwa nyika. Ivo yamutungamirira kusika inokosha basa "Ethics", chakatsaurirwa kuna metaphysics kwouzivi hunhu, mwari, murume. A yoga chikamu rakazvipira pfungwa dzevanhu, manzwiro, tsika uye zvetsika zvine chokuita nedzimwe nyaya. Munyori rinotaura pamusoro ose nyaya vasingaiti kutevedzana kutsunga pashure - imwe axiom, ipapo - theorems vavo uchapupu.

Pakati dzidziso Spinoza - pfungwa nokuzivikanwa hunhu hwaMwari uye fuma. Kuisa naMwari, ake kutungamirira basa zvizere munyika chinoratidza uzivi ano. Asi Spinoza pashure Descartes anodzivirira maonero kuti ariko (ari) Mwari vanofanira kuratidza. Pachishandiswa mibvunzo nowakautangira yake, iye akawedzera zvizhinji dzidziso yake: Spinoza vakaramba yepakutanga yakapiwa, a priori kuvapo kwaMwari. Asi uchapupu ichi zvinokwanisika kunokwana zvinotevera zvinodavirwa muchitendero:

- munyika isingaperi uwandu kuzvizivawo zvinhu;

- finite pfungwa havagoni kunzwisisa chokwadi magumo;

- ruzivo hazvibviri pasina kupindira nechitarisiko mauto - simba uyu Mwari.

Saka, muna muuzivi Spinoza kunoitika kusingaperi remubatanidzwa (Mwari) uye yokupedzisira (human, dzinongoitika), ekupedzisira ari pachayo kunoratidza kuvapo wokutanga. Kunyange pfungwa ariko Mwari haagoni kuonekwa vakazvimiririra mupfungwa dzevanhu - nayo anoisa kuna Mwari pachake. Izvi vakaratidzawo pantheism pamusoro Spinoza. Ariko Mwari vasingasiyani kubva nyika, hazvibviri pasina izvozvo. Uyezve, Mwari ndiye chokuita munyika, tinoberekwa ose kuonekwa. Ndiyewo chikonzero kuvapo zvose vapenyu uye asiri mupenyu nyika uye mhosva yayo kuvapo. Zvichitevera akapararira tsika kwouzivi Spinoza ndizvo zvinotaura Mwari, zvamazvirokwazvo haaperi fuma rusununguko siyana zvivako kuti zvaizobatsira ayo pakusingaperi kusaverengeka.

Kana dzimwe nhengo pantheism taisa dualistic maonero enyika, apo pane matanda maviri - Mwari uye hunhu, asi Spinoza deifies nyika. mhando iyi kubatana kuti yechihedheni ezvitendero yekare. Wildlife ayo husingaperi cyclical kukura uye pane mwari, achisununguka pacharo. HuMwari hachisi chinhu chakaparadzana, delimited nokuda zvinhu nyika, nekusiyana, zviri immanent, tinoberekwa zvose zvipenyu zvose. ANTHROPOMORPHIC, munhu zvichienderana tokovanie Mwari akagamuchira nezvitendero dzakawanda, iri zvachose nomutorwa kuna Spinoza. Saka, njodzi dzinongoitika uzivi uye pantheism of Renaissance akawana kwayo kupfuura kwakakwana okuti dzidziso imwe chete.

The ezvinhu aripo

Saka pantheism - ndiwo muuzivi kufunga umo Mwari uye hunhu nepedyo (kana kunyange chokubatanidza), kuratidzwa naMwari ari zvose zvipenyu zvose. Ari chimiro chimwe kana mumwe aripo zvinodzidziswa vazivi zvakasiyana dzekare, yakasvika kukura mukuru Renaissance uye ano, asi haana kukanganwa uye gare gare. Nokuti nevafungi ari XIX remakore, shoko rokuti "pantheism" akanga asiri anachronism. Saka, muna zvechitendero uye zvetsika zvine dzidziso gadziriro L. N. Tolstogo zvinhu ake zvakajeka zvinoonekwa.

In pakati XIX remakore pantheism zviri zvikuru kuparadzira vaigona kurwa pfungwa chechi pamutemo. Pope Pius IX mukutaura kwake akataura pantheism se "rinokosha kukanganisa zuva redu."

Munyika yanhasi ine pantheism - uzivi uye chitendero ndicho chinhu chinokosha pamusoro dzidziso zhinji, dzakadai chiNazi dzechihedheni GAIA pfungwa. Achiri hunoramba mamwe marudzi Theosophy, pova mhando kungaitwa pane kune tsika dzezvitendero monotheistic. Mumazuva okupedzisira emakore maviri remakore pantheism - kutsunga uye imwe pfungwa papuratifomu nokuda conservationists. It Pantheists achinyanya lobbied nhau chokuita kuwedzera kwezvakatipoteredza ruzivo, chokuita zvezvakatipoteredza ruzhinji kutarisirwa uye vezvenhau nyaya. Kana pantheism kunonzwisiswa anonyanya sechikamu wechihedheni nyika maonero, pamazuva edu, vatsigiri maonero aya vari kuedza kuumba yakazvimirira chitendero kwakavakirwa kunamata huMwari zvinobva mhuka. Tsanangudzo yakadaro kubva pantheism mukuwirirana nematambudziko chaiwo chokuita kukurumidza kunyangarika zhinji chirimwa uye mhuka duku, kunyange yose zvinhu zvipenyu.

Kuedza kwesangano vatsigiri pantheism kwakaita kuti zvakasikwa muna 1975 "yezvisikwa pantheist Society," uye muna 1999 - "World pantheistic kufamba" pamwe hwakasimba chawo mashoko paIndaneti uye vamiririrwe zvose pasocial network.

Official Vatican anoramba methodological kurwisa mujinga pantheism, kunyange vapedzisira haisi nzira Catholic Christianity.

Pantheism - pfungwa mupfungwa zvikuru ano, zvichiratidza munhu vanoziva uye nokungwarira nemafungiro kuti biosphere Nyika, uye kwete chitendero zvizere pfungwa yeshoko.