The creators of necheSalvic arufabheti. Ndiani akasika necheSalvic arufabheti muzana remakore rechi9?

Havasi vanhu vose vazive kuti kufungidzira yakakurumbira May 24, asi kunyange hazviiti chii angadai akava kwatiri kana zuva iri mugore 863 zvakasiyana chaizvo, uye creators earufabheti vakasiya mabasa avo.

Ndiani akasika necheSalvic arufabheti muzana remakore rechi9? Vaiva Kirill I Mefody, uye chiitiko ichi chakaitika musi May 24, chete kwemakore 863, izvo zvakazoita kuti kupemberera rimwe zviitiko inokosha munhoroondo yevanhu. Zvino necheSalvic avanhu vaigona kushandisa avo akanyorwa uye chikwereti mitauro pendudzi.

The creators of necheSalvic Literature - Kirill I Mefody?

History of necheSalvic Literature haisi se "segirazi" zvingaita sezvinoshamisa Pakutanga, pane zvakasiyana siyana pamusoro creators ayo. Pane inonakidza chokuti Kirill, kunyange ndisati ndatanga kushanda pakusikwa necheSalvic nearufabheti, aiva Chersonese (zvino Crimea), iro akakwanisa kutora zvinyorwa zvitsvene Gospel, kana Psalter, izvo kare panguva iyoyo akanga akanyorwa nemavara nezita necheSalvic arufabheti. Izvi zvinoita kuti tifunge: Ndiani necheSalvic arufabheti akasikwa, Kirill I Mefody arufabheti zvakanyorwa chaizvoizvo kana vapedza basa?

Zvisinei, kunze kwokuti Cyril zvauyiswa vakagadzirira arufabheti kubva Kherson, pane mamwe hwokuti creators of necheSalvic arufabheti vaiva vamwe vanhu, uye akararama kare kare Cyril naMethodius.

Arab chiitiko mabhuku vanoti mumakore 23 pamberi Kirill I Mefody akasika necheSalvic arufabheti, kureva muna 40-ies zviri IX remakore, vaiva vanhu vakabhabhatidzwa vaiva pamaoko bhuku, makanyorwa mumutauro necheSalvic. Uyewo, pane chimwe chokwadi chakakomba kuti zvinoratidza kuti kusikwa necheSalvic arufabheti akanga amboti zuva. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti Pope Leo IV aiva rugwaro rakapa makore 863, rwaiumbwa chaiyo pakati tsamba necheSalvic nearufabheti, uye pachigaro choushe mufananidzo uyu iri zvinobva 847 kusvika 855 makore IX remakore.

Other, asi rinokosha chokwadi uchapupu zvakawanda yekare kwakabva necheSalvic Literature ndiyo kufarirwa Catherine II, uyo panguva yokutonga kwake, akanyora kuti Slavs zvikuru vekare vanhu kupfuura nevakawanda, uye manyorero vane kubva pamazuva akatangira Krisimasi.

Uchapupu rekare mutauro necheSalvic mune mamwe marudzi

Pakusikwa necheSalvic arufabheti makore 863 uye anogona kuratidza zvimwe zvinhu kuti varipo mune magwaro nemamwe marudzi vaigara dzekare uye kushandisa dzimwe mhando nemabhii yakafanira. Zvinyorwa izvi zviri wandei, uye anowanikwa wenhoroondo Persian nezita Ibn Fodlan, pana El Massoudi, uyewo zvishoma papera vemifananidzo mune zvakanaka inonyatsozivikanwa mabasa, apo anonzi kuti necheSalvic arufabheti yakaumbwa kuti Slavs asati azviratidza mabhuku.

Munyori wenhau dzakaitika, vaigara pamuganhu IX X remakore uye, vakati necheSalvic vanhu ane uchapupu vakura uye zvikuru mberi pane vaRoma, uye sezvo, akataura dzimwe nzvimbo kuti kubvumira kuti kuona kare pakati kwakabva necheSalvic vanhu vavo kunyora.

Uye yokupedzisira chokwadi izvo zvinogona kukanganisa mafungiro evanhu uchitsvaka mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti ndiani akasika necheSalvic arufabheti - iri mari ane tsamba siyana nearufabheti wokuRussia, kudanana kubva kwokutanga misi pane makore 863, uye ari mundima European nyika yakaita England, dzekuma Scandinavia, Denmark nevamwe.

The zvinonzwisisika achinyatsoramba yekare kwakabva necheSalvic Literature

Kwekwainzi creators of necheSalvic earufabheti shoma "kushayikwa" mumwe: havana kusiya chero mabhuku uye magwaro akanyorwa ichi mutauro wekare. Zvisinei, nokuti masayendisiti akawanda zvakakwana kuti mutauro necheSalvic rakanyorwa aripo dzakasiyana-siyana matombo, matombo, zvombo uye nemhuri zvinhu zvaishandiswa nevagari vekare muupenyu hwavo.

Masayendisiti akawanda vave kushanda nokudzidza nhoroondo kubudirira hwokunyora Slavs Zvisinei, mumwe mukuru navo pana Grinevich mazita vaigona kusvika zvinenge kunobva, uye basa rake kuti vakwanisewo decrypt chero chinyorwa zvakanyorwa mumutauro Old kwechiSlavonic.

Grinevitch basa kudzidza kwechiSlavonic Literature

Kuti tinzwisise mutauro Slavs vekare zvichinzi, Grinevich aifanira kuita basa rakawanda, umo akaona kuti zvakanga hakutsigirwi tsamba, uye aiva kunzwisisa gadziriro, izvo wakashanda kubudikidza mabhii. The musayendisiti pachake zvakakwana zvakakomba vaidavira kuti paumbwe necheSalvic arufabheti akatanga makore 7000 akapfuura.

Zviratidzo necheSalvic arufabheti akasiyana hwaro, uye pashure muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano ose vatambi Grinevich akataura mumapoka mana: Linear separators, picturesque uye zvinoomesera zviratidzo.

Nokuti kudzidza Grinevich akashandisa anenge 150 Labels siyana, izvo varipo panguva ose zvinhu, uye nokubudirira ake vose inobva decoding zviratidzo izvi.

Grinevich Kudzidza akawana kuti nhoroondo necheSalvic Kunyora ekare, uye mashoko Slavs yekare vaishandisa 74 chiratidzo. Zvisinei, nokuti vakadaro wandei earufabheti vatambi zvakawanda, uye kana isu kutaura pamusoro pamashoko ose mumutauro wavo haagoni kuva 74. chete nezvavanofunga idzi akatungamirira vaongorori vanodavira kuti vari arufabheti of Slavs vakashandisa mabhii pachinzvimbo tsamba.

Muenzaniso: "bhiza" - mabhii "tarira"

Maitiro ake akabvumira kuti decipher mashoko pamusoro izvo vakarwa masayendisiti akawanda uye vasinganzwisisi kuti dzinorevei. Zvino zvakazoitika kuti zvose zviri nyore:

1. Pot kuti yakawanikwa pedyo Ryazan, aiva chinyorwa - mirayiridzo, iyo yakati kuti anofanira muchoto uye pedyo.
2. Georgia, iyo yakawanikwa pedyo netaundi Utatu, aiva nyore chinyorwa: "anoyera 2 Ounces."

All pamusoro apa uchapupu kuramba pakagumira chii creators of necheSalvic Literature - Kirill I Mefody, uye kuratidza kare kwakaita mutauro wedu.

NecheSalvic Runes mu pakusikwa necheSalvic Language Kunyorwa

Uyo akasika necheSalvic arufabheti, akanga akangwara chaizvo uye akashinga, nekuti zvakadaro pfungwa panguva iyoyo aigona kuparadza musiki nokuda kusaziva vose. Asi kunze tsamba yagadzirwa, uye dzimwe nzira kuparadzira vazive vanhu - necheSalvic Runes.

Total munyika akawana 18 Runes kuti varipo musi vakawanda zvinhu zvakasiyana zvakagadzirwa Ceramics, ibwe mifananidzo uye nezvimwe zvinhu zvaishandiswa. Mumwe muenzaniso uri zvehari kubva mumusha Lepesovka iri kumaodzanyemba Volyn, uye wevhu mumusha Branch. Kuwedzera uchapupu iri munharaunda Russia, pane Zvivako kuti dziri muPoland uye dzakafukunurwa 1771. Ivo kuuyawo necheSalvic Runes. Hatifaniri kukanganwa mutemberi Radegast, iri Retro, apo masvingo yakashongedzwa chete necheSalvic vatambi. Zvapedzisira kunzvimbo masayendisiti akadzidza Thietmar Merseburg, ndiyo nhare-temberi uye riri pachitsuwa inonzi Ruegen. Kune vakawanda zvifananidzo, vane mazita akanyorwa Runes necheSalvic mavambo.

NecheSalvic kunyora. Kirill I Mefody sezvo creators

Kutanga chinyorwa aitwa Cyril naMethodius, uye ari kusimbisa ichi ndiyo nhoroondo Data ari runoenzanirana nguva muupenyu hwavo, izvo inorondedzerwa nezvedzinza. Ivo zvazvinoita zvinoreva basa ravo, uyewo zvikonzero basa pakusika vatambi vatsva.

Cyril naMethodius kuti kusikwa arufabheti akauyisa mhedziso kuti mimwe mitauro varege zvakazara kuratidza necheSalvic matauriro. nekurovererwa Izvi zvakaratidza mabasa mumongi vakashinga, iro rakati kuti risati kuitwa pakati necheSalvic arufabheti kupinda vakawanda kushandiswa rubhabhatidzo akaita kana muchiGiriki kana nechiRoma, uye mumazuva iwayo zvaiva pachena kuti havagoni kuratidza zvose machemero kuti akazadza zvatinotaura .

Political simba pamusoro necheSalvic arufabheti

Policy vakatanga zvazvinoita ayo magariro kubva pakutanga yokuberekwa marudzi uye zvitendero, uye aivawo ruoko mu iri necheSalvic arufabheti, uyewo zvimwe hwevanhu.

Sezvinotsanangurwa apa, maererano nokubhabhatidzwa basa Slavs yaiitwa kana muchiGiriki kana muchiLatin, izvo akabvumira dzimwe kereke kuti pfungwa uye kusimbisa mupfungwa pakati Slavs vaifunga kwavo zvakazara basa.

nyika avo apo yokunamata hadzina kuitwa muchiGiriki nechiLatin, vakagamuchira kuwedzera simba ravapristi German mukutenda vanhu, uye nokuti kereke Byzantine ichi kwakanga kusingadiwi, uye iye akaita itirana danho, achirayiridza Cyril naMethodius zvisikwa manyorero, izvo zvichaita kunyorwa basa uye magwaro matsvene.

chechi Byzantine nemazvo nharo panguva, uye mazano zvakadai kuti uyo akasika necheSalvic arufabheti inobva rechiGiriki arufabheti, zvichabatsira kuderedza matambudziko ari German Church mu necheSalvic munyika dzose panguva imwe chete uye panguva imwe chete kuchabatsira kuunza pamwe chete vanhu Byzantium. Zviito izvi zvinogona kunzi sezvo nemakaro.

Ndiani akasika necheSalvic arufabheti kwakavakirwa rechiGiriki arufabheti? Kirill I Mefody akasika uye basa ivo vakasarudzwa chechi Byzantine hapana tsaona. Cyril akakurira muguta reTesaronika, uyo, kunyange zvazvo akanga ari muGiriki, asi vanenge hafu vaigaramo achinyatsogona kwechiSlavonic, uye Cyril pachake ainyatsoziva mariri, uye akanga shasha ndangariro.

Byzantium yaro basa

Zvakadini kana basa rakatanga musi pakusikwa necheSalvic nearufabheti, aiitisa vamwe zvakakomba gakava, sezvo May 24 - ndiko yepamutemo zuva, asi munhau kunounza mukaha nguva, kutanga mismatch.

Pashure Byzantium vakamutumidza rakaoma, Kirill I Mefody akatanga pave necheSalvic mabhuku uye mugore 864 akasvika Moravia aine akagadzirira necheSalvic arufabheti uye akashandurira Vhangeri zvachose, apo vakaungana kuti chikoro vadzidzi.

Pashure pokugamuchira basa kubva Byzantine sangano Kirill I Mefody vanotumwa Morven. Panguva rwavo vari mubasa kunyora arufabheti uye shanduro Gospel magwaro norurimi necheSalvic, uye kare pamusoro kusvika kuguta mumaoko avo vakagadzirira kushanda. Zvisinei, inoenda Moravia anotora nguva zvikuru. Zvichida nguva ino nguva, uye anobvumira kuti pave arufabheti, asi kushandura zvakanyorwa Vhangeri pfupi yakadaro hazvitomboiti, izvo zvinoratidza pachine basa riri mutauro necheSalvic uye shanduro magwaro.

Cyril chirwere chacho hanya

Pashure pemakore matatu basa yechikoro Literature kwechiSlavonic Cyril dzavo iye anoramba nyaya uye akaenda kuRoma. dzoro ichi zvinhu kwakakonzerwa ne chirwere. Cyril akasiya zvose nokuda rufu kunyarara muRoma. Methodius, ari oga, anoramba vatevere chinangwa chayo uye hapana matanho shure, asi zvino kwazova kwakaoma, nokuti Catholic Church vakatanga kunzwisisa kukura kwakaita basa rinoitwa uye vasiri kufara neizvi. The Church Roman rinorambidza shanduro kupinda necheSalvic uye wokuratidza kusagutsikana kwavo pachena, asi pana Methodius zvino ane vateveri vakabatsira uye mberi nebasa rake.

Cyrillic uye Glagolitic - izvo chakaratidza kutanga kunyora ano?

Hapana akasimbisa hwokuti anogona kuratidza izvo ari mumanyoro kwamuka pamberi, uye hakuna chaiyo ruzivo pamusoro akasika necheSalvic arufabheti kuRussia , uye izvo maviri inobvira ruoko rwake Kirill. We chete kuziva chimwe chinhu, asi chinhu chinonyanya kukosha - chakava muvambi nhasi Cyrillic Russian arufabheti uye kuonga kwake tinogona kunyora sezvo tinonyora nhasi.

The Cyrillic arufabheti rinoumbwa tsamba 43, uye kuti ayo muvambi akanga Cyril kunoratidza kuvapo mairi 24 tsamba echiGiriki earufabheti. Uye vamwe 19 creators pamusoro Cyrillic nearufabheti inobva rechiGiriki arufabheti zvaisanganisira kunongoitirwa kuratidza kunzwisisa ruzha vakanga varipo chete pakati pemarudzi akashandisa mutauro necheSalvic kukurukura.

With simba kuti husava uye kuvandudza pamusoro nguva Cyrillic arufabheti yakashandurwa, anenge nguva dzose mukadzi. Zvisinei, pakanga nguva akaita zvakaoma neindaneti kuti Somuenzaniso tsamba "e" nguva yokutanga, iyo yakafanana "e", tsamba "d" - zvineringanidzo "uye". Tsamba idzi pakutanga kudziviswa chiperengo, asi kuratidza runoenzanirana ruzha.

Glagolitic, chokwadi, chinhu analogue of Cyrillic nearufabheti, uye vakashandisa tsamba 40, uye 39 vavo vakatorwa nokuda Cyrillic arufabheti. Musiyano mukuru pakati Glagolitic ndechokuti ane woita werudzii kunyora, uye hazvisi yokusafa kusagadzikana, kusiyana Cyrillic.

Yanyangarika arufabheti (Glagolitic) Zvisinei haana kutora, asi kuzviita kushandiswa Slavs vaigara kumaodzanyemba uye vokumadokero latitudes, uye, zvichienderana nzvimbo vagari, rakanga yayo kunyora maitiro. The Slavs mupenyu kuBulgaria, inoshandiswa kunyora Glagolitic woita manyorerwo uye Croatian dzakazova kuti angularity yakanyorwa.

Pasinei nokuwanda hypotheses, uye kunyange kusava nomusoro vamwe vavo, mumwe nomumwe zvakafanira hanya, uye usingakwanisi kupindura chaizvo kuti creators ari necheSalvic arufabheti. Mhinduro achava kujeka, pamwe zvikanganiso zvakawanda uye zvausingakwanisi. Kunyange zvazvo paine zvakawanda chokwadi kuti ndeyenhema kusikwa rakanyorwa Cyril naMethodius, vakanga paakavapa chinokudza basa rake, iro akabvumira arufabheti kupararira uye wakashandurwa kusvika chipo marudzi.